Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports
Togo
Moderate Advancement
In 2022, Togo made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government launched the Savanes Emergency Plan, which by strengthening education access and social welfare in the areas of the north affected by violent extremism, also addresses poverty, conflict, and lack of educational access as root causes of child labor. Meanwhile, the Safety Nets and Basic Services Project provided meals to school children in vulnerable communities and expanded unconditional cash transfers to 83,681 program participants. Furthermore, Togo eliminated fees for birth certificates, which may improve access to education and other social services. However, children in Togo are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in domestic work. The government has not devoted sufficient resources to allow the labor inspectorate to conduct inspections in all sectors and fully enforce the law. In addition, hazardous work regulations are insufficient because they allow children as young as 15 to perform some types of hazardous tasks, including carrying heavy loads. Finally, the government does not publish data related to its criminal enforcement efforts with regard to laws on the worst forms of child labor.
Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Togo. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.
| Children | Age | Percent |
| Working (% and population) | 5 to 14 | 44.4 (Unavailable) |
| Attending School (%) | 5 to 14 | 89.0 |
| Combining Work and School (%) | 7 to 14 | 50.4 |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 94.0 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2022, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2023. (1)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2017. (2)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children’s work by sector and activity.
| Sector/Industry | Activity |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Working in agriculture, including spraying pesticides† and handling fertilizers† (3) |
| Herding animals (3,4) | |
| Industry | Working in gravel quarries and sand mines, including excavating and carrying heavy loads† (3-5) |
| Construction (6) | |
| Production of charcoal (3) | |
| Services | Domestic work† (3,7) |
| Begging and working as vendors and porters in the markets, sometimes carrying heavy loads† (2,3,5,6) | |
| Work as motorcycle repairmen (6,8,9) | |
| Garbage scavenging (6,8) | |
| Working at restaurants, sometimes at night (3,10) | |
| Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ | Forced begging (5,8,11) |
| Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (3,11,12) | |
| Forced labor in agriculture, including in the production of coffee, cocoa, and cotton; in mining; in mechanic shops; in domestic work; in quarries; and in markets (7,11-13) | |
| Use in illicit activities, including the transportation and sale of drugs, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (11) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Togo is a source, transit, and destination country for child trafficking. Children from Benin and Ghana are trafficked to Togo for forced labor, including commercial sexual exploitation, while Togolese children are often trafficked to neighboring West African countries, where they are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor in agriculture and domestic work. (11,12,14) Children are also trafficked within Togo, primarily for domestic work, work in agriculture and markets, and commercial sexual exploitation. (15,16) The rural areas in central and northern Togo are major source regions for child trafficking. Traffickers illicitly and deceptively recruit children by promising impoverished parents lucrative employment for their children. (11,12,17) In addition, in a practice known as confiage, parents sometimes send their children to live with a friend or relative in a larger town or city. These children are often not sent to school and are subjected to labor exploitation and sexual abuse. (3,7,13,18) Research suggests that the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Togo may have led to an increase in children subjected to labor and sexual exploitation in recent years. (3)
While free public primary education is guaranteed under Togolese law, due to funding shortages, some primary schools charge supplemental fees to pay volunteer teachers not employed directly by the government. (19) Free education is not yet guaranteed at the secondary level. As a result, there is a significant decline in school enrollment between primary and secondary school, leaving children vulnerable to child labor. (20,21) In 2022, for the second year in a row, the government announced that school fees would not be collected for public secondary schools for the 2022–2023 academic year. (10,22,23) Even when school fees are not charged, associated costs—including uniforms, books, and school supplies—make education prohibitively expensive for many families. (15,19,24) Research found that insufficient numbers of schools; poor school infrastructure, including inadequate sanitation and lack of access to toilets and water; physical and sexual violence; and long travel distances to school pose additional barriers for some children, especially in rural areas. (3,19,20,25) In northern Togo, in the Savanes region, the government issued a state of security emergency in June 2022 due to terrorist threats. Additionally, seasonal floods ruined crops, resulting in internal displacement and increased child vulnerability. (11) The government closed several schools due to the security crisis. Moreover, both refugees and internally-displaced people face difficulty registering children for school due to lack of identity documents. (3) In early 2022, however, the government eliminated fees for birth registration. This initiative addresses a barrier to education, and thus may ultimately reduce children's vulnerability to labor exploitation. (3,26)
Togo has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
| Convention | Ratification |
| ILO C. 138, Minimum Age | ✓ |
| ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor | ✓ |
| UN CRC | ✓ |
| UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict | ✓ |
| UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography | ✓ |
| Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons | ✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Togo's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the lack of guaranteed free basic education.
| Standard | Meets International Standards | Age | Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum Age for Work | Yes | 15 | Articles 192, 193, and 354 of the Labor Code; Article 262 of the Children’s Code; Article 881.1a of the Penal Code (27-29) |
| Minimum Age for Hazardous Work | Yes | 18 | Articles 2, 192, 193, and 354 of the Labor Code; Arrêté 1556 Determining Dangerous Work Forbidden for Children (28,30) |
| Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children | Yes | Articles 2, 263, and 264 of the Children’s Code; Article 319.9 of the Penal Code; Articles 192 and 193 of the Labor Code; Articles 1–11 and annex of Arrêté 1556 Determining Dangerous Work Forbidden for Children (27-30) | |
| Prohibition of Forced Labor | Yes | Articles 7, 19, and 192 of the Labor Code; Articles 2, 264, and 411 of the Children’s Code; Articles 150.3 and 151 of the Penal Code (27-29) | |
| Prohibition of Child Trafficking | Yes | Articles 192 and 356 of the Labor Code; Articles 2–6 and 10-11 of Law No. 2005-009 Suppressing Child Trafficking in Togo; Articles 2, 264, and 411–414 of the Children’s Code; Articles 150.3, 151, 317–323, and 882 of the Penal Code (27-29,31) | |
| Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children | Yes | Article 192 of the Labor Code; Articles 264, 276.f, and 387–390 of the Children’s Code; Article 224 of the Penal Code (27-29) | |
| Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities | Yes | Articles 192 and 356 of the Labor Code; Articles 2, 264, 276.i, and 405 of the Children’s Code; Articles 317.7, 318, 319, and 329 of the Penal Code (27-29) | |
| Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment | Yes | 18 | Article 426 of the Children’s Code; Article 6, 7, and 42 of Law No. 2007-010 Regarding the General Statute of the Togolese Armed Forces (27,32) |
| Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military | Yes* | Articles 2 and 426 of the Children’s Code; Articles 146.14, 147.11, and 342 of the Penal Code (27,29) | |
| Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups | Yes | Articles 2 and 426 of the Children’s Code; Articles 146.14, 147.11, and 342 of the Penal Code (27,29) | |
| Compulsory Education Age | Yes | 15 | Article 35 of the Constitution; Article 255 of the Children’s Code (27,33) |
| Free Public Education | No | Article 35 of the Constitution; Law No. 97-16 For the Creation of a Support Fund for Education; Décret 2008-129/PR for the Abolition of School Fees in Pre-Primary and Primary Schools (33-35) |
* Country has no conscription (32)
While Togo's Arrêté 1556 prohibits several types of hazardous work for children under age 18, it still permits children as young as age 15 to perform some hazardous tasks, such as transporting heavy loads. This permission violates Article 3(3) of Convention 138, which permits children as young as age 16 (but not age 15) to perform hazardous tasks as long as their health, safety, and morals are fully protected, and they receive adequate training. (30,34,35) In addition, the law provides for free schooling only through primary school, while basic education is a total of 9 years and includes 3 years of lower secondary school. The failure to provide for complete free basic education may increase the risk of children's involvement in the worst forms of child labor. (33-36)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
| Organization/Agency | Role & Activities |
|---|---|
| Ministry of Civil Service, Labor, and Social Dialogue | Conducts labor inspections and enforces labor laws, including child labor laws. (10) Runs a Committee for Social Reintegration of Children, which coordinates efforts on child trafficking. (3) Through its National Cell for the Elimination of Child Labor, coordinates the day-to-day operations of the National Steering Committee to Combat Child Labor, withdraws children from child labor situations, raises awareness, and collects data. (3,37) |
| Ministry of Justice and Government Relations | Enforces criminal laws related to the worst forms of child labor and prosecutes violators. (3,10) |
| Ministry of Security’s General Directorate of Judicial Police | Investigates crimes involving child victims, including child trafficking. Operates as part of the National Police in all five regions of Togo. (10,15,38) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2022, labor law enforcement agencies in Togo took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Civil Service, Labor, and Social Dialogue that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient financial resource allocation.
| Overview of Labor Law Enforcement | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Labor Inspectorate Funding | $39,061 (10) | $62,683 (3) |
| Number of Labor Inspectors | 123 (10) | 125 (3) |
| Mechanism to Assess Civil Penalties | Yes (28) | Yes (28) |
| Training for Labor Inspectors Provided | No (10) | Yes (3) |
| Number of Labor Inspections Conducted at Worksite | Unknown (10) | 906 (3) |
| Number of Child Labor Violations Found | Unknown (10) | 21 (3) |
| Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed | Unknown (10) | Unknown (3) |
| Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected | Unknown (10) | Unknown (3) |
| Routine Inspections Conducted | Yes (10) | Yes (3) |
| Routine Inspections Targeted | Unknown (10) | Unknown (3) |
| Unannounced Inspections Permitted | Yes (28) | Yes (28) |
| Unannounced Inspections Conducted | Yes (10) | Yes (3) |
| Complaint Mechanism Exists | Yes (10) | Yes (3) |
| Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services | Yes (10) | Yes (3) |
The Ministry of Civil Service, Labor, and Social Dialogue lacks sufficient resources for fuel and transportation, which may hinder its ability to conduct inspections. (3) Routine inspections were conducted in the formal sector; however, the majority of child labor occurs in the informal sector, in which inspectors are legally allowed to inspect but rarely do. (6,39) Although they are legally permitted to do so, inspectors did not inspect private farms or homes, in which children work in agriculture and domestic work. (3,28,40) While a mechanism exists to refer survivors of child labor to social services, during the reporting year, social assistance was not provided in the 21 cases of child labor found by labor inspectors. (3)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2022, criminal law enforcement agencies in Togo took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including deficient structures for investigation and prosecution planning.
| Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Training for Criminal Investigators Provided | Yes (10) | Yes (11) |
| Number of Investigations | Unknown (10) | Unknown (3) |
| Number of Prosecutions Initiated | Unknown (10) | Unknown (3) |
| Number of Convictions | Unknown (10) | Unknown (3) |
| Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor | Unknown (10) | Unknown (3) |
| Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services | Yes (10) | Yes (3) |
In June 2022, 80 law enforcement and judicial actors attended trainings on trafficking in persons. (11) In December 2022, criminal law enforcement arrested a seamstress in Sokode, Central Region, for subjecting five apprentices, all girls, to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor as waitresses in her bar at night. (3)
While there is a referral mechanism between criminal law enforcement and social services, shortcomings exist in the coordination between police, social workers, and the justice system during the prosecution process. (12,16) Research suggests that the absence of trafficking focal points for trafficking issues within the Gendarmerie and Ministry of Interior was a barrier to effective coordination of law enforcement. (12) Assize Courts in Lomé and Kara handle all human trafficking cases, but research indicates that the courts are overburdened and slow, which deters victims from participating. (11,12,16) In addition, investigators lacked resources to adequately enforce the law. (3,10) Research indicates that trafficking survivors are often reluctant to testify or assist with prosecution because their family members were complicit in the trafficking case. (16) Cases involving child trafficking may be settled outside of court due to difficulties gathering evidence. Also, Ministry of Justice officials may be reluctant to impose fines or prison sentences in cases in which parents are involved due to a fear of perpetuating the poverty that originally led the parents to violate child trafficking laws. (5,15,40)
The government has established a key mechanism to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including insufficient allocation of financial resources.
| Coordinating Body | Role & Activities |
|---|---|
| National Steering Committee to Combat Child Labor | Serves as the coordinating government body for child labor issues. Includes representatives from 17 ministries and NGOs. (3) Was active during the reporting period reviewing and promoting the 2020–2024 National Action Plan for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor. (3) |
The National Committee for the Reception and Social Reintegration of Child Victims of Trafficking gathers data on child trafficking and coordinates protection for survivors. The committee is housed under the Ministry of Labor and includes representatives from the Ministries of Justice, Health, Security, and Foreign Affairs. (16) Research suggests that despite receiving funds from the ILO, UNICEF, and Expertise France, the committee faced operational challenges due to lack of financial resources. (16) In 2022, the committee held training workshops on trafficking in persons for local elected officials in the Savanes, Kara, and Plateau regions. (11) In addition, the National Commission Against Trafficking in Persons, created in 2021, has a mandate to coordinate government-wide efforts to address child trafficking. (12) In 2022, the government appointed 13 officials to serve as members of the Commission, including the Ministry of Social Action's Director-General of Child Protection as the chair. (11)
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including a lack of incorporation of child labor prevention and elimination strategies into the National Education Plan.
| Policy | Description & Activities |
|---|---|
| National Action Plan for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2020–2024) | Taking a multisectoral approach, aims to take into account the formal and informal economies in the effort to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. (4,15,35) During the reporting period, the government carried out awareness-raising activities for the plan in all five regions of the country. (3) |
| Savanes Emergency Plan, 2022–2025 (Programme d'Urgence pour les Savanes)† | Aims to strengthen community resilience in communities affected by violent extremism and terrorist attacks in the northern region. Activities include strengthening access to quality education and social welfare. (3) During the reporting period, the government established and began implementing this policy. (3) |
| Trilateral Agreement to Combat Child Trafficking | Trilateral agreement between the Governments of Togo, Benin, and Burkina Faso to address child trafficking. Lays out specific responsibilities for origin, transit, and destination countries and aims for enhanced border controls and regional coordination (6,16,41) In December 2022, Togo cooperated with the Governments of Burkina Faso and Benin, as well as that of Côte d'Ivoire, on a joint operation that resulted in the arrest of 15 suspected traffickers and the release and reintegration of 90 child trafficking survivors. (42) |
† Policy was approved during the reporting period.
While the Education Sector Plan (2020–2030) does not directly address eliminating child labor, it includes efforts to stimulate demand for education, including targeting localities where school access and retention are weak, especially for girls. It also proposes the gradual expansion of free lower secondary education for all students, and free upper secondary education for girls. (19,35)
In 2022, the government funded and participated in programs that may contribute to preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including inadequate programs to address the full scope of the problem.
| Program | Description & Activities |
|---|---|
| Reference Center for Guidance and Care of Children in Difficult Situations | Ministry of Social Action, Promotion of Women, and Literacy (MASPFA)-run shelter in Lomé that receives child trafficking and child labor survivors referred through Allô 1011, a MASPFA-run hotline that receives reports of child abuse, including child trafficking. Provides shelter as well as legal, medical, psychological, and social services. (16) During the reporting year, the shelter received and provided services to survivors of child trafficking and child labor. (12) |
| Program of Cooperation UNICEF/Togo, 2019–2023 | Aims to enhance child survival, education and development, child protection, and social inclusion in Togo. Includes efforts to reduce child vulnerability to exploitation, including by enhancing access to education, especially for girls. (43) During the reporting year, UNICEF coordinated with the government to identify and refer 186,190 children with undeclared births for registration. (26) |
| World Bank-Funded Programs | Aim to address child labor by improving social safety nets for vulnerable families and by increasing access to education. The Safety Nets and Basic Services Project, a $29 million project implemented by MASPFA and the Ministry of Grassroots Development, aims to provide social safety nets to poor communities. (10,44) During the reporting period, the program expanded unconditional cash transfers to 83,681 program participants and provided meals to schoolchildren in vulnerable communities. (44) The Improving Quality and Equity of Basic Education Project (2020–2026) aims to enhance teaching and learning quality, to improve equitable access to basic education in select regions, particularly among girls, and to strengthen sector management. (21) During the reporting period, the program provided training for educators, carried out activities supporting the reproduction and distribution of textbooks, and completed preparatory activities for school construction in the Savanes and Kara regions. (45) |
For information about USDOL’s projects to address child labor around the world, visit https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/ilab-project-page-search
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (16)
Social programs focus on alleviating poverty and promoting education rather than targeting specific sectors of child labor, such as domestic work, commercial sexual exploitation, and agriculture. The government relies heavily on NGOs and international organizations for the implementation of social programs. (3,10)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Togo (Table 11).
| Area | Suggested Action | Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
| Legal Framework | Raise the minimum age for all types of hazardous work from age 15 to age 16, and ensure that children under age 18 who are engaged in hazardous work receive adequate training in the type of work being done and that the health, safety, and morals of the child are protected in accordance with international standards. | 2020 – 2022 |
| Establish by law free basic education, including lower secondary education. | 2021 – 2022 | |
| Enforcement | Ensure that labor inspectors have adequate resources, including fuel and transportation, to carry out inspections and monitoring of labor laws. | 2009 – 2022 |
| Conduct labor inspections in the informal sector as well as private homes and farms, in which children work in agriculture and domestic work. | 2021 – 2022 | |
| Publish information on labor law enforcement efforts, including the targeting of routine inspections and numbers of child labor violations for which penalties were imposed and collected. | 2021 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that labor inspectors refer all cases of child labor found in labor inspections to social services. | 2022 | |
| Publish data on criminal law enforcement efforts, including the number of investigations conducted, criminal violations found, prosecutions initiated, convictions obtained, and penalties imposed for the worst forms of child labor. | 2010 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that criminal investigators have adequate resources to enforce laws against child labor. | 2017 – 2022 | |
| Investigate, prosecute, and impose penalties for convictions related to the worst forms of child labor. | 2014 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that court system processes for addressing child trafficking are timely so as not to deter victims from reporting. | 2020 – 2022 | |
| Ensure effective coordination between the criminal justice system and social services to allow survivors to receive adequate support during judicial proceedings. | 2021 – 2022 | |
| Coordination | Ensure that the National Committee for the Reception and Social Reintegration of Child Victims of Trafficking receives adequate funding. | 2021 – 2022 |
| Government Policies | Integrate child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the Education Sector Plan. | 2013 – 2022 |
| Social Programs | Increase access to education by eliminating school-related fees; ensuring that schools are free from sexual and physical violence; increasing the number of schools; enhancing access to birth registration, including for displaced children; and improving school infrastructure and transportation, especially in rural areas. | 2010 – 2022 |
| Ensure that social programs specifically target child labor in commercial sexual exploitation, domestic work, and agriculture in addition to alleviating poverty and promoting education. | 2019 – 2022 |
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 15, 2023. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/ - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2017. Analysis received March 2023. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. January 10, 2023.
- Government of Togo. Plan d'Action National de Lutte contre les Pires Formes de Travail Des Enfants Au Togo. February 2020. Source on file.
- MOJ official. Interview with USDOL official. June 27, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. January 15, 2020.
- UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. End of mission statement by Ms. Urmila Bhoola, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences on her country visit to Togo (27-31 May 2019). May 31, 2019.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2019/05/end-mission-statement-ms-urmila-bhoola-special-rapporteur-contemporary-forms - CDN and CNARSEVT officials. Interview with USDOL official. June 25, 2018.
- Ministry of Social Action, Promotion of Women, and Literacy official. Interview with USDOL official. June 26, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. January 14, 2022.
- U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. January 25, 2023.
- U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2022: Togo. Washington, D.C. July 19, 2022.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/togo/ - Amen, Élodie. Le travail des enfants, un phénomène qui perdure au Togo. DW, June 12, 2018.
https://www.dw.com/fr/le-travail-des-enfants-un-phénomène-qui-perdure-au-togo/a-44187480 - Togo Actualité. Traite des enfants: Plus de 2000 victimes chaque année au Togo!. November 23, 2019.
https://www.togoactualite.com/traite-des-enfants-plus-de-2000-victimes-chaque-annee-au-togo/ - U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. January 19, 2021.
- U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. February 9, 2022.
- U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2021: Togo. Washington, D.C., July 1, 2021.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/togo/ - Radio France International. Reportage au Togo: le confiage des enfants. June 10, 2022.
https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/7-milliards-de-voisins/20220610-reportage-au-togo-le-confiage-des-enfants - Government of Togo. Plan sectoriel de l’éducation de la République du Togo 2020–2030. 2020.
https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/en/2020/plan-sectoriel-de-l’éducation-de-la-république-du-togo-2020-2030-7058 - ILO Committee of Experts. Direct Request concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Togo (ratification: 2000). Published: 2021.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:4023009:NO - World Bank. Project Information Document: Togo - Quality and Equity Enhancement of Education Project (P172674). March 11, 2020.
https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/74/WB-P172674.pdf - Government of Togo. Année scolaire 2021–2022: gratuité des frais d’inscription et de scolarité pour les collèges et lycées publics du Togo. August 23, 2021.
https://education.gouv.tg/annee-scolaire-2021-2022-gratuite-des-frais-dinscription-et-de-scolarite-pour-les-colleges-et-lycees-publics-du-togo/ - Government of Togo. Année scolaire 2022-2023 : les frais de scolarité restent gratuits dans le public. September 15, 2022.
https://www.republiquetogolaise.com/education/1509-7262-annee-scolaire-2022-2023-les-frais-de-scolarite-restent-gratuits-dans-le-public - U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2021: Togo. Washington, D.C. April 12, 2022.
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/313615_TOGO-2021-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf - Ministry of Education official. Interview with USDOL official. June 29, 2018.
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https://www.unicef.org/media/136456/file/Togo-2022-COAR.pdf - Government of Togo. Loi No. 2007-017 portant Code de l'enfant. Enacted: July 6, 2007.
https://www.mindbank.info/item/5073 - Government of Togo. Loi No. 2021‐012 portant Code du travail. Enacted: June 8, 2021. Source on file.
- Government of Togo. Loi No. 2015-010 portant nouveau Code pénal. Enacted: November 24, 2015.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=fr&p_isn=104616&p_count=2&p_classification=01 - Government of Togo. Arrêté No. 1556 déterminant des travaux dangereux interdit aux enfants. Enacted: May 22, 2020. Source on file.
- Government of Togo. Loi No. 2005-009 relative au trafic d'enfants au Togo. Enacted: August 3, 2005.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/72058/72983/F1981134441/trafic enfants.pdf - Government of Togo. Loi No. 2007-010 portant Statut général des personnels militaires des forces armées togolaises. Enacted: Mars 2007.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/77509/82181/F1787162033/TGO-77509.pdf - Government of Togo. La Constitution de la IVème République. Enacted: October 14, 1992.
http://www.refworld.org/docid/48ef43c72.html - ILO Committee of Experts. Direct Request concerning Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Togo (ratification: 1984). Published: 2021.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:4057551 - U.S. Embassy- Lomé official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 3, 2021.
- Government of Togo. Décret 2008-129/PR du 02 Octobre 2008 portant suppression des frais scolaires dans les établissements préscolaires et primaires publics du Togo. Enacted: October 2, 2008. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. March 19, 2019.
- Ministry of Security and Civil Protection official. Interview with USDOL official. June 28, 2018.
- Government of Togo. Loi No. 2006-010 portant Code du travail. Enacted: December 13, 2006.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/75548/78675/F152868207/code travail.pdf - U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. September 26, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Lomé. Reporting. February 14, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy-Cotonou. Reporting. March 13, 2023.
- United Nations, Economic and Social Council. UNICEF Country Programme Document, Togo. July 31, 2018.
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1638016?ln=en - World Bank. Safety Nets and Basic Services Project Implementation Status & Results Report. December 22, 2022.
https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099105112222294942/p1570380281c0a0ce0953d050e1ab18d507 - World Bank. Togo, Improving Quality and Equity of Basic Education Project (P172674): Implementation Status & Results Report. January 13, 2023.
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010001132339254/pdf/P1726740ad1b7500d0a66b0a6a87c080e43.pdf
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