Children in Thailand engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also engage in Muay Thai fighting competitions without protective equipment. (1-6) As of the end of the reporting period, the government worked with the ILO to design survey questionnaires and collect data on working children. However, the government has yet to release the results of a national survey on the prevalence of children's work, which are needed to implement the National Policy and Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor Phase II (2015–2020). (7-8) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Thailand.

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2017, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2019. (9)

Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 3, 2005–06. (10)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Thai children, as well as children from Burma, Laos, and Cambodia, are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation in Thai massage parlors, bars, karaoke lounges, hotels, and private residences. In addition, children are lured, including through the internet and social media, and coerced to produce pornography and perform sexual acts for live internet broadcasts. (3,23,34,37,41-43)

Children, particularly migrants from the Greater Mekong Subregion, engage in hazardous work in shrimp and seafood processing. Although incidents of child labor in the shrimp and seafood processing industry have decreased in recent years, small numbers of children are still reported to work in the industry. (3,11,44,45) Children who work in shrimp and seafood processing work late hours cleaning and lifting heavy loads of seafood. Many of these children also experience health problems, including injuries and chronic diseases. (13,46) Children working in agriculture face health risks from exposure to pesticides, sun, and heat, often working long hours from very early in the morning until nighttime. In addition to lifting heavy loads, they face risks of injury from operating dangerous machinery and using sharp equipment, and other workplace hazards. (7) Thai and migrant children who accompany their parents working in the construction sector are exposed to child labor at and around construction sites, including performing construction and domestic work, or working at nearby restaurants. (3,8,20,21) Children also participate in dangerous Muay Thai competitions without using forms of protective equipment that are generally required by international Muay Thai leagues and associations, including mandatory usage of gum shields, groin protectors, head, shin, and elbow guards, and body protectors. Children who participate in Muay Thai competitions sustain serious head injuries, including brain hemorrhages and deteriorated nerve fibers around the brainstem. (30)

Although Order No. 28/2559 of the National Council for Peace and Order ensures 15 years of free education for all children in Thailand, some children, particularly migrants and ethnic minorities, struggle to access basic education due to a lack of awareness of migrant children's right to public education, language barriers, and insufficient transportation to schools. (11,35,47-49) Although children without identity documents or registered addresses cannot be denied enrollment, public school applications are available in the Thai language only, which can create a barrier to children's access to education, particularly for migrants and ethnic minorities. (3)

Thailand has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Thailand's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including not meeting the international standard for the minimum age for work.

The minimum age for work does not comply with international standards because the law does not grant protections to children working outside of employment relationships. In addition, because the minimum age for work is lower than the compulsory education age, some children may be encouraged to leave school before the completion of compulsory education. (8,4,50,51,65)

During the reporting period, domestic and international news outlets widely reported on a 13-year-old boy who died from injuries sustained during a Muay Thai competition at a school charity event. (3,29-6) This highly publicized death prompted the government to begin drafting a Thai Boxing Act amendment, which would ban children under age 12 from participating in Muay Thai competitions and mandate the use of protective equipment for children between the ages of 12 and 15. (4,33,6) As of the end of 2018, the draft law had not been submitted to the cabinet for consideration. Research was unable to confirm whether the draft law will permit the Labor Protection Act to categorize child participants in Muay Thai as formal employees. (66) In addition, research was also unable to determine whether the government enforced the Child Protection Act, which forbids a person to force, threaten, use, induce, instigate, encourage, or allow a child to play sports for the purpose of commercial benefit in a manner that hinders the child's growth and development. (8,53)

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Labor (MOL) and criminal law enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

*Agency responsible for child labor enforcement was created during the reporting period.

Even though the incidence of child labor law violations has decreased in the shrimp and seafood processing sectors, Thailand continues to closely monitor the industry for child labor through 32 Port In-Port Out (PIPO) Centers along the coasts. These Centers enforce laws related to fishing, forced labor, child labor, and human trafficking. (3,8,12,14,45)

Labor Law Enforcement
In 2018, labor law enforcement agencies in Thailand took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the MOL that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including an insufficient number of labor inspectors.

In 2018, 905 Department of Labor Protection and Welfare (DLPW) and MOL civil servants carried out labor inspection duties. In addition, 221 contract employees employed by DLPW and 774 officials from other agencies, including the Royal Thai Police (RTP) and Department of Fisheries, supported labor law enforcement efforts. (3) The government also hired an additional 22 interpreters to assist the labor inspectors, bringing the total number of interpreters to 124. (3) Despite the increase in the number of labor inspectors from the previous reporting period, the number is still likely insufficient for the size of Thailand's workforce, which includes approximately 38.45 million workers. According to the ILO's technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in developing economies, Thailand would employ about 2,558 labor inspectors. (73,74) More than 94 percent of unannounced child labor inspections targeted high-risk worksites that employed children in the garment, shrimp and seafood processing, poultry and pig farming, services, auto repair, and construction sectors. (3) Inspectors who find a child labor violation must immediately assess a penalty on the employer and refer the case to the RTP. (48) Although the Command Center for Combating Illegal Fishing (CCCIF) and DLPW have made efforts to actively exchange information with NGOs, it is reported that the CCCIF and DLPW have not made efforts to reach out to migrant community NGOs or networks to exchange information on high-risk workplaces or provide training on child labor issues. (7,8)

In 2018, interpreters at DLPW provided translation assistance to Burmese and Cambodian migrant workers on Thai-owned fishing boats at PIPO Centers. (8) The DLPW also had mobile inspection teams that consisted of labor inspectors, a legal affairs officer, interpreters, and sometimes employees from the departments of Special Investigation, Employment, and Fisheries. These teams conducted targeted monthly child labor inspections using information shared by NGOs and child protection networks, and they are authorized to file criminal lawsuits when child labor violations are found. (7,48) During the reporting period, the mobile inspection teams conducted 49,394 labor inspections at worksites and on 78,789 fishing boats. Although no child labor cases were identified in the fishing sector, DLPW identified 99 cases involving 206 alleged child labor law violations in other industries. (3)

In addition, 695 labor inspectors, government employees, and law enforcement officials received training in inspection and law enforcement related to the worst forms of child labor. Lastly, the MOL conducted several trainings in 2018 for labor inspectors, including training 108 participants on rescuing and protecting children from the worst forms of child labor, and providing capacity building for labor inspectors to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in hard-to-reach workplaces. (3,37)

Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2018, criminal law enforcement agencies in Thailand took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including fully reporting criminal enforcement data.

† Data are from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017.
‡ Data are from October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018.

In 2018, the government identified 1 child victim of forced labor and 40 child victims of commercial sexual exploitation, and worked on 34 child pornography cases. The Department of Juvenile Observation and Protection reported 2,541 cases of children involved in the production and trafficking of narcotics. (3) The Thailand Internet Crimes Against Children Taskforce (TICAC) and the Thailand Anti-Trafficking in Persons Taskforce (TATIP) collaborated closely with international law enforcement agencies and NGOs, including the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, to identify and arrest suspects engaged in online child commercial sexual exploitation. (3,8) Throughout 2018, TICAC investigated 19 cases involving human trafficking, and TATIP investigated 29 human trafficking cases. Both TICAC and TATIP provided coaching, training, and case management support to investigators across the country to improve investigatory practices and the adequateness of victim specialists. (8,37) The RTP's Anti-Trafficking in Persons Division received training in child labor policies and laws as well as training in techniques to investigate and prosecute the worst forms of child labor and human trafficking crimes. (3,37) In addition, the government collected and reported administrative data on the worst forms of child labor to the Cabinet. (67)

Reports indicate that there is a lack of understanding of human trafficking issues in some provincial governments and courts if the victims are boys engaged in commercial sexual exploitation. In addition, there are reports of underreporting human trafficking incidences for fear that reporting them would demonstrate law enforcement deficiencies. (3,37)

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8).

The government has established policies that are consistent with relevant international standards on child labor (Table 9).

‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (7,67,84,85)

In 2018, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of programs to address child labor in high-risk sectors.

† Program is funded by the Government of Thailand.

‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (42,76,91)

The lack of available research and data on the prevalence of child labor in high-risk sectors, such as agriculture, garment manufacturing, domestic work, and construction, make it difficult for the Thai Government to design appropriate programs to address these issues. (3,44) Although access to education for migrant children has increased, many Migrant Learning Centers rely on decreasing donor funding, and migrant students face difficulties acquiring a certification of education because many centers lack qualified teachers and accreditation. Lastly, migrant children are not eligible for Equal Education Fund distributions, which increases their vulnerability to labor exploitation. (8,67)

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Thailand (Table 11).

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