Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports
Lebanon
Minimal Advancement
In 2021, Lebanon made minimal advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. A United Nations Children's Fund-funded project trained police officers in Tripoli to identify child labor and refer children to social services. However, children in Lebanon are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including use in the production and trafficking of drugs, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and in forced labor in agriculture. Children also engage in child labor in the production of potatoes and tobacco. Furthermore, government officials continued to indicate that funding is insufficient to properly carry out their duties. In addition, labor inspectors can only conduct inspections in formal places of employment, in which child labor is nearly non-existent, and social programs targeting child labor remained insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem.
Children in Lebanon are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including use in the production and trafficking of drugs, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and in forced labor in agriculture. (1,2) Children also engage in child labor in the production of potatoes and tobacco. (3,4) Data on key indicators on children's work and education are not available from the sources used in this report.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
Unavailable |
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
Unavailable |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
Unavailable |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
Unavailable |
Primary completion rate was unavailable from UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (5)
Data were unavailable from International Labor Organization's analysis, 2021. (6)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Farming, including the production of potatoes, olives, beans, figs, grapes, eggplants, and cannabis (1-4,7-11) |
|
Production of tobacco† (11) |
|
|
Fishing, activities unknown (2,7) |
|
|
Industry |
Construction,† including carpentry, tiling, and welding† (1-4,7,9) |
|
Making handicrafts (2,12,13) |
|
|
Working in aluminum factories (14) |
|
|
Working in slaughterhouses† and butcheries (12) |
|
|
Services |
Street work,† including begging, street vending, portering, washing cars, scavenging garbage,† and shining shoes (1,2,4,7,9,15-19) |
|
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles,† and painting† (2,9,12,16,19) |
|
|
Domestic work† (2,7,9,12) |
|
|
Cleaning sewage† and collecting waste materials, including scrap metal (9,12) |
|
|
Food service,† including working as waiters (3) |
|
|
Working in small shops and groceries (2,3,7,12,16,19) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Use in illicit activities, including the production and trafficking of drugs, and arms dealing (2,4,16) |
|
Forced begging (1,10,15,16) |
|
|
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1,2,12,20,21) |
|
|
Forced labor in agriculture (1,3,4,9,12) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Multiple crises have converged on Lebanon that have increased the rate of child labor, including a national economic crisis that began in 2019 and continued to worsen throughout the reporting period, the prolonged presence of Syrian refugees, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which has created new barriers to education and accelerated economic decline. (7,13) Multi-dimensional poverty in Lebanon has increased from 42 percent in 2019 to 82 percent in 2021, including virtually all of Lebanon's refugee population. (22) As a result of worsening conditions, UNICEF reported that the rate of child labor has increased from 2.6 percent to 4.4 percent, with agriculture and street work making up most of the increase. (7,23) In addition, 12 percent of families report sending at least 1 child to work and 7 times more Lebanese households have a working child than in previous years. (22)
UNHCR estimates that there were 1.5 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon as of November 2021 with 90 percent living in extreme poverty, making Syrian refugee children vulnerable to exploitation. (24) Child labor is also prevalent in other refugee communities in Lebanon, including the Palestinian and Iraqi communities. (13) Syrian refugee children are subjected to forced labor in agriculture. (1,3,12) Some Syrian refugee children and their families in the Bekaa Valley are kept in bonded labor in agriculture to pay for makeshift dwellings provided by landowners. (25,26) An estimated 75 percent of Syrian refugee children working in the Bekaa Valley do so in agriculture. (27) Adult Syrian refugees face legal restrictions that allow them to work only in agriculture, construction, and sanitation. (12,28) These restrictions on adults make children vulnerable to child labor. (9)
Children in Lebanon, particularly Syrian refugee children, face barriers to accessing education, including the cost of transportation and supplies, fear of passing checkpoints or of violence, lack of private sanitation facilities for girls, discrimination, bullying, corporal punishment, and a different curriculum in Lebanon than in their country of origin. (3,4,7,29) In 2021, the government continued its policy of admitting all refugee children regardless of whether they have the required documentation for school enrollment. (7) However, the public school system in Lebanon lacks the capacity to accommodate the large number of school-age Syrian refugee children. (13) Despite the official policy of schools being open to all, in practice, some refugees have been denied access to schools. (4) In addition, children with two Lebanese parents are sometimes prioritized in school enrollment over children with a non-Lebanese father. (30) Students without transcripts are only eligible to receive a certificate, rather than a diploma, causing some undocumented students to drop out. (4)
Before the pandemic, more than 50 percent of Syrian refugee children and 35 percent of Palestinian refugee children were not enrolled in formal education. (16,31,32) Children with disabilities, particularly refugee children, were unable to attend school due to insufficient accessibility or inadequacy of facilities, lack of specialized facilities, or unavailability of tailored services for children with disabilities. (29,33) In addition, the economic crisis has precipitated a movement of Lebanese children from private schools to public schools, putting further strain on an overburdened system. (2,7) Lebanese and refugee children who work in agriculture often do not attend school during harvesting and planting seasons. (34) One local organization observed a direct correlation between school dropout rates and an increase in child labor. (16)
Lebanon has ratified most key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
|
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Lebanon’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the prohibition of commercial sexual exploitation of children.
|
Standard |
Meets |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
No |
14 |
Article 22 of the Labor Code (35) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Articles 1-2 and Annex 2 of Decree No. 8987 (36) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
Annex 1 of Decree No. 8987 (36) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Article 8 of Decree No. 3855; Articles 569 and 586.1 of the Penal Code (37,38) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Articles 586.1 and 586.5 of the Penal Code (38) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Articles 506, 523, 525–527, 586.1, and 586.5 of the Penal Code; Decree No. 8987 (36,38) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Articles 586.1, 586.5, and 618 of the Penal Code; Article 13 of the Law on Drugs (38,39) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
18 |
Article 30 of the National Defense Law (40) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
N/A* |
||
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
Yes |
Article 586.1 of the Penal Code; Annex 1 of Decree No. 8987 (36,38) |
|
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
15‡ |
Article 49 of the Education Law (41) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Article 49 of the Education Law (41) |
* Country has no conscription (42)
‡ Age calculated based on available information (41)
The Labor Code only applies to workers who perform work in industrial, trading, or agricultural enterprises and excludes domestic work and non-industrial, non-trade agriculture. (35) This does not conform to international standards that require all children to be protected by the minimum age for work.
In Lebanon, basic education is compulsory. (41) Children generally complete basic education at age 15. (41) The minimum age for work is lower than the compulsory education age, which may encourage children to leave school before the completion of compulsory education.
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Labor |
Enforces child labor laws through desk review and workplace inspections. (4) The Ministry’s Child Labor Unit acts as government focal point for child labor issues and raises public awareness about child labor and the right to education. Receives complaints of child labor violations on its Child Labor Unit hotline. (4) |
|
Internal Security Forces (ISF) |
Enforce laws regarding child labor through the Anti-Human Trafficking and Moral Crimes Unit. (4) |
|
Ministry of Justice |
Prosecutes violations of the Penal Code in coordination with ISF. Maintains general data and statistics on criminal violations involving child labor. (4) Refers at-risk children to shelters and protection services. Coordinates, through signed agreements, with civil society organizations to provide social workers who oversee court proceedings involving juveniles and deliver services to them, including children engaged in begging. (4) |
|
Directorate of General Security |
Focuses on immigration and border protection. Works with the farmers' union to address child labor in agriculture. (4) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2021, labor law enforcement agencies in Lebanon took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the authority of the Ministry of Labor (MOL) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including the lack of a mechanism to assess civil penalties.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2020 |
2021 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
34 (7) |
34 (43) |
|
Mechanism to Assess Civil Penalties |
No (44) |
No (44) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (44) |
Yes (44) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (7) |
Yes (2) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (7) |
Yes (2) |
In 2021, labor inspections were only conducted for emergency cases, which are received through an MOL-operated hotline or the Child Labor Unit webpage. (7) According to local observers, the MOL's hotline is not fully functional and works for a limited number of hours on official workdays. It does not have a system to register incoming calls. (16) The MOL did not receive any emergency complaints regarding child labor during the reporting period. (43) In addition, government officials in the past have expressed frustration that they can only conduct inspections in formal places of employment, in which child labor is nearly non-existent. (4,12,13,45) Government officials continued to indicate that funding is insufficient to properly carry out their duties. (2)The MOL had only one car and two inspectors in each district. (43) In 2021, the labor inspectorate curtailed the number of inspections it conducted due to the ongoing economic crisis and concerns over the government's ability to pay salaries. (2)
The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Lebanon’s workforce, which includes more than 2.1 million workers. (4) According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in developing economies, Lebanon would need to employ about 144 labor inspectors. (46,47)
The government does not publicly release information on its labor law enforcement efforts. (12)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2021, criminal law enforcement agencies in Lebanon took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient allocation of financial resources.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2020 |
2021 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (7) |
Yes (2) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number of Investigations |
98 (7) |
46 (2) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
98 (7) |
46 (2) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Number of Convictions |
1 (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Yes (7) |
Unknown (2) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (7) |
Yes (2) |
In 2021, a UNICEF-funded project trained police officers in Tripoli to identify child labor and refer children to social services. In addition, NGOs provided training to the Internal Security Forces (ISF) and local police to help authorities address the needs of street children. (2) The ISF’s anti-trafficking unit is reportedly underfunded and understaffed, and it has no field offices outside Beirut. (1) The Ministry of Justice has stated that a lack of sufficient human resources hindered the government’s ability to address child labor. (13)
The government did not provide information on its criminal law enforcement efforts for inclusion in this report.
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including lack of efficacy in accomplishing mandates.
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
National Steering Committee on Child Labor |
Raises awareness; coordinates efforts among government agencies; establishes standard practices; develops, enforces, and recommends changes; and ensures that government agencies comply with the law. Led by the Minister of Labor, includes representatives from six other ministries and other institutions and international organizations. (13) Active in 2021. (43) |
|
National Steering Committee on Trafficking in Persons |
Coordinates efforts against human trafficking, including child trafficking. Based at the Ministry of Labor and meets on a monthly basis. (13) Active in 2021. (43) |
|
UNICEF and UNHCR |
Coordinate efforts to address the needs of children affected by the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon. UN representatives identify crucial concerns, including factors that make children vulnerable to child labor. (13) Make recommendations to the government on the use of resources, including referral services. (13) UN agencies and international and local NGOs coordinate child protection efforts through Child Protection Working Groups. (12) Active in 2021. (24) |
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including a lack of implementation.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Action Plan to End Street Begging by Children |
Seeks to end child begging by ensuring legal protection for street children, building capacity to protect street children, rehabilitating and reintegrating street children, and conducting outreach regarding the problem. (4) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the National Action Plan to End Street Begging by Children during the reporting period. |
|
Policy for the Protection of Students in the School Environment |
Protects children's right to education and promotes non-violence in schools by establishing mechanisms to receive complaints of violence, mistreatment, and bullying; and addresses those cases while safeguarding children's privacy. Trains school staff and officials on identifying risk factors. (48,49) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the Policy for the Protection of Students in the School Environment during the reporting period. |
|
Work Plan to Prevent and Respond to the Association of Children with Armed Violence in Lebanon |
Provides the policy framework for the prevention of children's involvement in armed conflict. (50) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the Work Plan to Prevent and Respond to the Association of Children with Armed Violence in Lebanon during the reporting period. |
The National Action Plan on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor expired in 2019, and the government has not renewed it.
In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including adequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Child Protection Program |
Joint program by UNICEF and the Ministry of Social Affairs. Addresses child labor through interventions, including a non-formal education program for children, child protection services, skills development, and social assistance. (4) Active in 2021. (51) |
|
Reaching All Children with Education (RACE II) (2017–2021) |
Donor-funded, 5-year project, implemented by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education and partners to ensure quality educational opportunities for children ages 3 to 18, regardless of nationality, through holistic interventions that address the demand and availability of quality public education, including non-formal education. (52) Active in 2021. (53) |
|
National Poverty Alleviation Program† |
Funded by the government and foreign donors, this program housed at the Prime Minister’s Office and the Ministry of Social Affairs provided WFP food vouchers ($27 per month) for each member of poor families. It also provided school tuition and book costs for secondary school students from 43,000 poor families. (33) This program closed in 2021. (54) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Lebanon.
Although Lebanon has programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem, including in construction and forced child labor in agriculture. Moreover, some officials are reluctant to remove children trafficked by their families due to a lack of adequate social services. (10)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Lebanon (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Accede to the UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict, which the government signed in 2002. |
2013 – 2021 |
|
Raise the minimum age for work to the age up to which education is compulsory. |
2018 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that the minimum age for work applies to all children, including informal workers, domestic workers, and all agricultural workers. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Ensure that there is an adequate mechanism to receive and log child labor complaints and refer them for investigation. |
2017 – 2021 |
|
Track and publish information on labor law enforcement. |
2009 – 2021 |
|
|
Authorize the labor inspectorate to assess penalties. |
2015 – 2021 |
|
|
Provide Ministry of Labor inspectors with proper funding and resources. |
2011 – 2021 |
|
|
Increase the number of labor inspectors to meet the ILO's technical advice. |
2016 – 2021 |
|
|
Publish information on criminal enforcement of child labor laws. |
2009 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that criminal law enforcement agencies, including the Internal Security Forces' anti-human trafficking unit, have the necessary funding and staff to investigate and prosecute criminal cases of child labor in accordance with the law. |
2017 – 2021 |
|
|
Government Policies |
Ensure that the Work Plan to Prevent and Respond to the Association of Children with Armed Violence in Lebanon is implemented, and that children previously associated with armed conflict receive social and rehabilitation services. |
2017 – 2021 |
|
Ensure that activities are undertaken to implement key policies related to child labor during the reporting period and that data on these activities are published. |
2021 |
|
|
Adopt a new action plan to address the worst forms of child labor. |
2020 – 2021 |
|
|
Social Programs |
Collect and publish data on the extent and nature of child labor to inform policies and programs. |
2020 – 2021 |
|
Ensure access to public education for all children, including refugees, by improving transportation, addressing bullying and harassment, accommodating students with disabilities, and improving facilities. |
2010 – 2021 |
|
|
Expand programs, including social services for human trafficking survivors, to fully address the extent of child labor, including in construction and forced labor in agriculture. |
2013 – 2021 |
- U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2020: Lebanon. Washington, D.C., June 25, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. January 13, 2022.
- Plan International. Adolescent Girls and Boys Needs Assessment: Focus on Child Labour and Child Marriage. July 18, 2018.
https://plan-international.org/publications/girls-and-boys-needs-assessment-lebanon - U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. January 16, 2020.
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 3, 2022. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/ - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Analysis received March 2022. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. January 26, 2021.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Child labour in agriculture is on the rise, driven by conflict and disasters. Rome, June 12, 2018.
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1140078/icode/ - Sherriff, Lucy and Dawn Kelly. The Necessary Evil of Syrian Child Labour In Lebanon. May 5, 2017.
https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the-necessary-evil-of-syrian-child-labour-in-lebanon_uk_590c80c7e4b0d5d9049bbec3?guccounter=2 - U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. February 12, 2021.
- UNICEF. Child Labour in Agriculture: The Demand Side. February 2019.
https://www.unicef.org/lebanon/reports/child-labour-agriculture-demand-side - U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. January 17, 2019.
- U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. January 19, 2018.
- Khoury, Lisa. Special report: 180,000 young Syrian refugees are being forced into child labor in Lebanon. July 26, 2017.
https://www.vox.com/world/2017/7/24/15991466/syria-refugees-child-labor-lebanon - U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. February 21, 2020.
- Alef official. Interview with USDOL official. January 9, 2018.
- Chehayeb, Kareem. As Beirut’s Trash Crisis Drags on, Children Recycle to Survive. November 1, 2018.
https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/11/beirut-trash-refugee-children-recycle/574312/ - Kanso, Heba. Poverty forces Syrian refugee children into work. June 12, 2018.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-child-labour/poverty-forces-syrian-refugee-children-into-work-idUSKBN1J82CY - Bonet, Ethel. With poverty rates on the rise, eradicating child labour in Lebanon is proving ever more complicated. March 29, 2021.
https://www.equaltimes.org/with-poverty-rates-on-the-rise?lang=en#.YUIWKp1KiMp - ILO. Country Level Engagement and Assistance to Reduce Child Labor (CLEAR) - Technical Progress Report. October 2018. Source on file.
- Raymond, Janice G. Pity the Nations: Women Refugees in Lebanon. December 6, 2017.
https://www.truthdig.com/articles/pity-nations-female-refugees-lebanon/ - UNICEF. Violent Beginnings: Children growing up in Lebanon's crisis. December 2021.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Child Protection - Violent Beginnings .pdf - UNICEF. Nine out of ten Syrian refugee families in Lebanon are now living in extreme poverty, UN study says. December 18, 2020.
https://www.unicef.org/lebanon/press-releases/nine-out-ten-syrian-refugee-families-lebanon-are-now-living-extreme-poverty-un-study - UNHCR. Lebanon Fact Sheet. November 2021.
https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/1262 - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2018: Lebanon. Washington, D.C., June 28, 2018.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report/lebanon/ - U.S. Embassy- Beirut. Reporting. February 9, 2017.
- Habib, Rima R. Survey on Child Labour in Agriculture in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon: The Case of Syrian Refugees. American University of Beirut, June 2019.
https://www.unicef.org/lebanon/reports/survey-child-labour-agriculture - CARE. Syrian Refugees in Lebanon Eight Years On: What Works and Why that Matters for the Future. November 12, 2018.
https://www.care-international.org/files/files/CAREInternationalLebanon_RefugeesinLebanon_Whatworksandwhythatmattersforthefuture.pdf - Human Rights Watch. Submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in advance of its review of Lebanon. March 24, 2017.
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CRC/Shared Documents/LBN/INT_CRC_NGO_LBN_27105_E.pdf - Ramadan, Tala. Children of Lebanese Mothers and Non-Lebanese Fathers Continue to Face Hurdles in Education. October 28, 2021.
https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1279568/children-of-lebanese-mothers-and-non-lebanese-fathers-continue-to-face-hurdles-in-education.html - Human Rights Watch. Lebanon: Stalled Effort to Get Syrian Children in School. December 13, 2018.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/12/13/lebanon-stalled-effort-get-syrian-children-school - American Institutes for Research. Evaluation of No Lost Generation/“Min Ila,” a UNICEF and WFP Cash Transfer Program for Displaced Syrian Children in Lebanon. June 2018.
https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/Evaluation-of-No-Lost-Generation-Min-Ila-Final-Report-July-2018.pdf - U.S. Embassy- Beirut official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 18, 2020.
- Government of Lebanon. National Action Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Lebanon by 2016. 2013: Executive Summary.
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/genericdocument/wcms_229115.pdf - Government of Lebanon. Labor Code (as amended). Enacted: September 23, 1946.
http://ahdath.justice.gov.lb/law-nearby-work.htm - Government of Lebanon. Decree No. 8987 of 2012 concerning the prohibition of employment of minors under the age of 18 in works that may harm their health, safety or morals. Enacted: October 4, 2012.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_country=LBN&p_classification=04&p_origin=SUBJECT&p_whatsnew=201304 - Government of Lebanon. Decree No. 3855 on Lebanon's accession to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Enacted: September 1, 1972. Source on file.
- Government of Lebanon. Legislative Decree No. 340 on the Penal Code (as amended). Enacted: March 1, 1943. Source on file.
- Government of Lebanon. Law No. 673. Enacted: March 16, 1998. Source on file.
- Government of Lebanon. Legislative Decree No. 102 on the National Defense Law (as amended). Enacted: September 16, 1983. Source on file.
- Government of Lebanon. Law No. 150 on Terms of appointment in the Ministry of Education and Higher Education. Enacted: August 17, 2011.
https://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=1637110&related - Government of Lebanon. Law No. 665. Enacted: February 4, 2005.
http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/en/content/military-service - U.S. Embassy- Beirut official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 25, 2022.
- Government of Lebanon. Decree No. 3273 on Labour Inspection. Enacted: 2000.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/58763/45932/F1688904235/LBN58763.PDF - U.S. Embassy- Beirut official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 1, 2018.
- ILO. Strategies and Practice for Labour Inspection. Geneva: Committee on Employment and Social Policy, November 2006: GB.297/ESP/3. Please see “Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
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https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_full_en.pdf - UNICEF. Syria Crisis 2018 Humanitarian Results. December 31, 2018.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF Syria Crisis Situation Report_Year End 2018.pdf - Trtrian, Gasia. Education Ministry policy combats violence in schools. May 12, 2018. Source on file.
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https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=8287&file=EnglishTranslation - UNICEF. Lebanon: Escalating crisis puts children at risk as the majority of families cannot afford to meet the basic needs of their children. July 1, 2021.
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/lebanon-escalating-crisis-puts-children-risk-majority-families-cannot-afford-meet - Ministry of Education and Higher Education. Reaching All Children with Education: RACE II (2017–2021). August 2016. Source on file.
- World Bank. Reaching All Children with Education in Lebanon Support Project. Accessed March 10, 2022.
https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P159470 - The World Bank. Emergency National Poverty Targeting Program Project. January 1, 2022.
https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P149242
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