Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports
Guyana
Minimal Advancement
In 2022, Guyana made minimal advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government funded a training program for 1,661 officials and civil society representatives on human trafficking issues and increased funding from $100 to $125 for vouchers to purchase school uniforms, shoes, and backpacks. However, children in Guyana are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in mining. Guyana does not meet the international standard for hazardous work for children because it allows children ages 16 to 17 to conduct night work in industrial activities. Guyanese law does not sufficiently prohibit all commercial sexual exploitation of children because it does not prohibit the use of children for prostitution, although it prohibits other forms of sexual exploitation of children. In addition, law enforcement agencies have insufficient resources to conduct inspections in remote areas, including a lack of transportation and accommodation, and struggle to prosecute cases even with abundant evidence. The government did not publicly release information on its labor law enforcement or criminal law enforcement efforts.
Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Guyana. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.
| Children | Age | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Working (% and population) | 5 to 14 | 10.1 (Unavailable) |
| Attending School (%) | 5 to 14 | 96.9 |
| Combining Work and School (%) | 7 to 14 | 18.5 |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | Unavailable |
Primary completion rate was unavailable from UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2023. (1)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2019–20. (2)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
| Sector/Industry | Activity |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Farming,† including the production of cabbage, cherries, limes, rice, squash, sugarcane, and charcoal (3-6) |
| Forestry, including logging† and work in sawmills† (3,7) | |
| Fishing,† activities unknown (3,8) | |
| Industry | Construction,† activities unknown (3,8) |
| Mining,† including gold mining and bauxite mining (3,7) | |
| Services | Domestic work (3) |
| Welding† (3) | |
| Working in stores, bars, and restaurants (3) | |
| Street work, including selling fruit, washing cars, and begging (3) | |
| Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ | Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (3,8-10) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Children in Guyana are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation in Georgetown and in the country's interior. There are also reports of young girls in mining communities being subjected to commercial sexual exploitation as a result of human trafficking. (10,11) In addition, children are engaged in informal, small-scale mining in which they wash gold, operate dangerous machinery, and are exposed to hazardous chemicals. (4,12) Children in Guyana's interior and rural areas have limited access to education due to poor infrastructure, long distances to schools, transportation costs, and a shortage of qualified teachers. (3,12)
Guyana has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
| Convention | Ratification |
|---|---|
| ILO C. 138, Minimum Age | ✓ |
| ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor | ✓ |
| UN CRC | ✓ |
| UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict | ✓ |
| UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography | ✓ |
| Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons | ✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Guyana's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including a lack of prohibitions for child prostitution.
| Standard | Meets International Standards | Age | Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum Age for Work | Yes | 15 | Sections 2 and 3, and Part 2, Article 2 of the Employment of Young Persons and Children Act; Articles 17–22 of the Education Act (13,14) |
| Minimum Age for Hazardous Work | No | 18 | Part 1, Article 2, and Part 2, Article 3 of the Employment of Young Persons and Children Act; Articles 17, 41, 46, and 75 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (14,15) |
| Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children | Yes | List of Hazardous Occupations and Processes in Guyana; Part 1, Article 2 of the Employment of Young Persons and Children Act; Articles 17, 41, and 75 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (14-16) | |
| Prohibition of Forced Labor | Yes | Articles 2, 3, and 8 of the Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act; Article 140 of the Constitution (17,18) | |
| Prohibition of Child Trafficking | Yes | Article 3 of the Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act (17) | |
| Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children | No | Articles 2(e) and 3(2) of the Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act; Article 50(3) of the Protection of Children Act (17,19) | |
| Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities | No | Article 50(1) of the Protection of Children Act (19) | |
| Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment | Yes | 18 | Article 18 of the Defense Act and Defense Amendment Act (20,21) |
| Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military | N/A* | ||
| Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups | No | ||
| Compulsory Education Age | Yes | 15 | Article 38E of the Constitution; Articles 13 and 22 of the Education Act (13,18) |
| Free Public Education | Yes | Articles 27 and 149H of the Constitution (18) |
* Country has no conscription (22)
Guyana's hazardous work prohibitions for children do not meet international standards because children ages 16 to 17 are permitted to perform night work in industrial activities. (14) Moreover, although Article 50(1) of the Protection of Children Act and the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act both prohibit selling or giving drugs to children, the law does not specifically prohibit the use, procuring, or offering of a child for the production and trafficking of drugs. (10,19,23,24) In addition, Guyanese law does not sufficiently prohibit all commercial sexual exploitation of children because it does not prohibit the use of children for prostitution. (17) Moreover, Guyanese law does not criminally prohibit the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups.
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
| Organization/Agency | Role & Activities |
|---|---|
| Ministry of Labor | Investigates reports of child labor, conducts routine labor inspections, and refers children identified during labor inspections to the Ministry of Human Services and Social Security's (MHSSS) Countering Trafficking in Persons Unit (C-TIP) and the Childcare and Protection Agency. (12,25) Inspectors are permitted to conduct unannounced inspections in all sectors, but they are not authorized by law to assess penalties for labor law violations. When general labor violations are found, the employer is informed of the labor violation(s) and is given a period to rectify the violation. (3) If inspectors find child labor violations, they may report the employer to the Chief Labor Officer or police for investigation. (3,14) The Chief Labor Officer can file a case against an offending employer with a magistrate judge, who may impose a civil penalty. The welfare and social service officers of MHSSS have the right to access private premises if there is a child labor investigation. (3) C-TIP, under the supervision of the Director of Public Prosecutions, prosecutes trafficking in persons cases. (12) In 2022, held an event with public stakeholders and agencies for World Day Against Child Labor. (26) |
| MHSSS | Monitors and enforces child labor laws in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Forestry Commission, Geology and Mines Commission, National Insurance Scheme, and Guyana Police Force. The Chief Labor Officer handles special investigations stemming from child labor complaints and oversees routine labor inspections. (4) Includes a Trafficking in Persons Unit (staffed by five personnel) and the Childcare and Protection Agency, to which children identified during labor inspections are referred. (4,27) |
| Guyana Police Force (GPF) | Enforces criminal laws related to the worst forms of child labor. Works in consultation with the Director of Public Prosecutions, Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA), MHSSS, Ministry of Education, and Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' Affairs, depending on the circumstances of each case. (4) GPF's Trafficking in Persons Unit also investigates reports of human trafficking. (28) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2022, labor law enforcement agencies in Guyana took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient resources to conduct inspections in some areas.
| Overview of Labor Law Enforcement | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Labor Inspectorate Funding | Unknown (3) | Unknown |
| Number of Labor Inspectors | 22 (3) | Unknown |
| Mechanism to Assess Civil Penalties | Yes (14) | Yes (14) |
| Training for Labor Inspectors Provided | Yes (3) | Unknown |
| Number of Labor Inspections Conducted at Worksite | 860 (3) | Unknown |
| Number of Child Labor Violations Found | 0 (3) | Unknown |
| Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed | Unknown (3) | Unknown |
| Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected | Unknown (3) | Unknown |
| Routine Inspections Conducted | Yes (3) | Unknown |
| Routine Inspections Targeted | Yes (3) | Unknown |
| Unannounced Inspections Permitted | Yes (29) | Yes (29) |
| Unannounced Inspections Conducted | Yes (3) | Unknown |
| Complaint Mechanism Exists | Yes (3) | Yes (3) |
| Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services | Yes (3) | Yes (3) |
Labor officers conducted impromptu visits to work sites in the mining sector, logging districts, and capital to investigate labor practices and possible violations. (28) However, the government has acknowledged challenges enforcing Articles 41 (relating to child labor in factories) and 46 (relating to employer duties) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which aim to protect children from hazardous work. (30) The government also did not provide information on the funding for the labor inspectorate, the number of labor inspections conducted, the number of labor inspectors, the status of training for inspectors, and the number of child labor violations found. Research indicates that inspectors need additional resources, including transportation and accommodation, to conduct inspections in remote regions and that the government struggles to prosecute cases even with abundant evidence. (3,12,31)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2022, criminal law enforcement agencies in Guyana took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including lack of data on criminal prosecutions and convictions.
| Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Training for Criminal Investigators Provided | Yes (3) | Unknown |
| Number of Investigations | 8 (3) | 6 (28) |
| Number of Prosecutions Initiated | Unknown (3) | 2 (28) |
| Number of Convictions | 0 (3) | 0 (28) |
| Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor | No (3) | 0 (28) |
| Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services | Yes (3) | Yes (28) |
In 2022, only data on child trafficking was reported by the government, and information about the number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and penalties imposed for other worst forms of child labor is not known. During the reporting period, there were six investigations into forced labor and one ongoing prosecution, involving two non-Guyanese adult workers. Additionally, one individual was prosecuted for forced labor involving a female child while another individual was prosecuted in a case of sex trafficking involving a female child. (28) The government and NGOs reported that shelter accommodations, work permits and employment opportunities for non‐Guyanese victims, counseling, medical checkups, and support for court appearances are available to human trafficking survivors. (28)
The MHSSS Countering Trafficking in Persons Unit (C-TIP) reported that during the reporting period it trained 1,661 government officials and civil society representatives using its own funds, and trained an additional 400 persons using funds from the Ministerial Taskforce on Trafficking in Persons and the Guyana Police Force. Information regarding training related to children was not specified, but topics included an overview of the Trafficking in Persons Act 2005, victim identification, the roles of various actors, and training for new and current officers on the general indicators of human trafficking. (28)
The government has established a key mechanism to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to adequately address child labor, including efforts to address all forms of child labor.
| Coordinating Body | Role & Activities |
|---|---|
| Ministerial Taskforce on Trafficking in Persons | Reports on human trafficking in Guyana and documents the government's response. Also addresses the worst forms of child labor, including the commercial sexual exploitation of children and use of children in illicit activities, and acts as the management body for child labor referrals. (3,32) Divided into a ministerial arm and a technical arm, with six subcommittees co-chaired by MOHA and MHSSS. (3,11,33) In 2022, the committee met monthly and held several awareness-raising sessions for indigenous communities in the interior. In addition, the Taskforce compiled trafficking in persons awareness pamphlets in Indigenous languages and started research on the primary causes of human trafficking in the country. (28) |
Guyana's Commission on the Rights of the Child, which protects and promotes children's rights, including by addressing the worst forms of child labor, is not represented on the Ministerial Taskforce on Combating Trafficking in Persons. (3,12,34,35) Although Guyana has a Ministerial Taskforce on Combating Trafficking in Persons to coordinate efforts to address trafficking in persons, it does not have coordinating mechanisms to address other forms of child labor.
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including a lack of implementation of the National Child Labor Policy and National Action Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor.
| Policy | Description & Activities |
|---|---|
| National Child Labor Policy and National Action Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor (2019–2025) | Aims to prevent and eliminate child labor in all its forms by 2025 by reconciling gaps and inconsistencies between existing national policies and ratified international conventions. Establishes a national framework to coordinate, enforce, monitor, and evaluate efforts to address child labor. (12,36,37) However, research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the plan during the reporting period. |
| Ministerial Task Force on Combating Trafficking in Persons Action Plan (2021–2025) | Seeks to prevent and raise awareness about human trafficking, provide direct assistance to survivors, improve law enforcement's capacity to identify and respond to human trafficking, and strengthen inter-agency coordination and referral mechanisms. (9,38) With a budget of $329,944, the plan also provides for the review and amendment of the Combating Trafficking in Persons Act. (27,39) To implement the plan, the government conducted several raids in the mining regions and recruited additional staff to work as interpreters, investigators, and monitoring and evaluation officers. (28) The government also conducted anti-human trafficking awareness campaigns that were tailored to hotel owners, community leaders, maritime and port officials, parents, teachers, and private security firms. (28) |
‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (40)
In 2022, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of programs to address the problem in all sectors.
| Program | Description & Activities |
|---|---|
| Shelter for Domestic Violence Victims† | Two government-funded, NGO-run shelters. Together in Peace Home caters exclusively to child survivors of human trafficking and accommodates 15 persons. Help & Shelter provides services to women and children who are survivors of human trafficking and other crimes. (28) |
| Government-Funded School Programs† | Government-funded school programs aim to deter early school dropouts by providing job skills to at-risk youth who may not otherwise be able to complete their formal education. (4) All students in public and private schools from, nursery to secondary school, were eligible to receive government vouchers to purchase school uniforms, shoes, and backpacks. (3,27,41) In 2022, cash vouchers were increased from $100 to $125. (31,42) The government also has programs to improve access to education that provide hot meals to 16,000 students at schools in the interior, transportation for students in several remote areas, and books for school children. (9,12,27,41,43,44) |
| Child Advocacy Centers | Funded by private sector donations and UNICEF, and implemented by MHSSS, the UN Population Fund, and NGOs to provide services for abused children. (45) The MHSSS Childcare and Protection Agency oversees the 12 centers and makes referrals. (45-47) Child Advocacy Centers received a modest increase in budgetary allocations in 2022. (31) |
For information about USDOL’s projects to address child labor around the world, visit https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/ilab-project-page-search
†Program is funded by the Government of Guyana.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (3)
The government operates three 24/7 hotlines to report human trafficking, two for English speakers and the third for Spanish speakers. (28) While Guyana is a part of the Regional Initiative Latin America and the Caribbean Free of Child Labor, research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the program during the reporting period. (48) Moreover, the scope of government programs targeting the worst forms of child labor is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem, including child labor in the mining industry and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. (6)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Guyana.
| Area | Suggested Action | Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
| Legal Framework | Ensure that the law sufficiently prohibits all commercial sexual exploitation of children by prohibiting the use of children in prostitution. | 2010 – 2022 |
| Ensure that the law sufficiently prohibits the use of children for illicit activities by prohibiting the use, procuring, or offering of a child for the production or trafficking of drugs. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that the law sufficiently prohibits children ages 16 to 17 from engaging in hazardous work that may jeopardize their health, safety, or morals. | 2021 – 2022 | |
| Enforcement | Publish information on labor law enforcement, including inspectorate funding, number of inspectors, number and type of inspections conducted, and child labor violations found. | 2015 – 2022 |
| Publish information about the training system for labor inspectors. | 2022 | |
| Remove barriers to enforcement and prosecution by strengthening the judicial system. | 2022 | |
| Ensure that the labor inspectorate receives sufficient resources to monitor the interior, where child labor is most prevalent, and other remote areas. | 2011 – 2022 | |
| Ensure the appropriate application of Articles 41 and 46 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act to protect children from work that may harm their physical health or emotional development. | 2015 – 2022 | |
| Publish information on criminal labor enforcement for all worst forms of child labor, including training for investigators, the number of investigations, prosecutions initiated, number of convictions, and number of imposed penalties. | 2022 | |
| Coordination | Permit the Commission on the Rights of the Child to join and participate in the Ministerial Taskforce on Combating Trafficking in Persons. | 2021 – 2022 |
| Government Policies | Ensure that activities are undertaken to implement key policies, including the National Child Labor Policy and National Action Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor. | 2020 – 2022 |
| Social Programs | Ensure that children are not prevented from attending school because of transportation costs and lack of infrastructure, and increase the number of qualified teachers, particularly in rural and interior areas. | 2015 – 2022 |
| Collect and publish data on the extent and nature of child labor, including in fishing and construction, to inform policies and programs. | 2020 – 2022 | |
| Develop new initiatives and expand existing programs to reach all children involved in the worst forms of child labor, including programs addressing child labor in the mining industry and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. | 2010 – 2022 |
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 15, 2023. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/ - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2019-2020. Analysis received March 2023. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. January 28, 2022.
- U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. March 5, 2019.
- U.S. Embassy- Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 18, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 12, 2018.
- Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Public Health and UNICEF. Guyana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014. Final Report. 2015.
https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2731 - UN Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. Concluding observations on the initial report of Guyana. May 22, 2018: CMW/C/GUY/CO/1.
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CMW/C/GUY/CO/1&Lang=En - U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 5, 2020.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (No. 182) Guyana (ratification: 2001). Published: 2022. Accessed April 15, 2022.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:4120467:NO - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2021: Guyana. Washington, D.C., July 1, 2021.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/guyana/ - U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. January 19, 2021.
- Government of Guyana. Education Act, Chapter 39:01. Enacted: 1998. Source on file.
- Government of Guyana. Employment of Young Persons and Children Act (Chapter 99:01) [consolidated up to 1973], No. 14. Enacted: 1933.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/597/cap9901Employment of Young Persons and Children[1].pdf - Government of Guyana. Occupational Safety and Health Act No. 32, Chapter 99:10. Enacted: 1997.
https://gcci.gy/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Occupational-Health-and-Safety-cap9910.pdf - Government of Guyana. Labour Laws Primer. Primer. Ministry of Labor, Human Services and Social Security. April 21, 2015.
http://www.cagi.org.gy/pubs/Manual Version Nov 29.pdf - Government of Guyana. Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act 2005. Enacted: 2005.
http://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/4653-act_no._2_of_2005.pdf - Government of Guyana. The Constitution of Guyana, 1980 with Amendments. Enacted: 2016. Source on file.
- Government of Guyana. Protection of Children Act, No. 17. Enacted: 2009. Source on file.
- Government of Guyana. Defence Amendment Act. Enacted: 2011. Source on file.
- Government of Guyana. Defence Act. Enacted: 1998.
https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/96cb90/pdf/ - U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting (TIP). January 28, 2022.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (No. 182) Guyana (ratification: 2001). Published: 2019. Accessed April 1, 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3963431:NO - Government of Guyana. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. 1998.
https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/8534-act_2_of_1988_narcotic_drug__psychotropic_substances_control.pdf - Guyana Chronicle. Challenges for the newly established Ministry of Labour. November 10, 2020.
https://guyanachronicle.com/2020/11/10/challenges-for-the-newly-established-ministry-of-labour/ - Guyana Chronicle. Labour Ministry holds walk against child labour. June 11, 2022.
https://guyanachronicle.com/2022/06/11/labour-ministry-holds-walk-against-child-labour/ - U.S. Embassy- Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. April 8, 2022.
- U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 3, 2023.
- Government of Guyana. Labour Act. Enacted: 1942. Source on file.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning the Minimum Age Convention 1973 (No. 138) Guyana (ratification: 1998). Published: 2019. Accessed: March 28, 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3963302:NO - U.S. Embassy- Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. July 5, 2023.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) Guyana (ratification: 1966). Published: 2019. Accessed: March 28, 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3960865:NO - Government of Guyana. 2021-2025 National Action Plan for the Prevention and Response to Trafficking in Persons in Guyana. July 2021. Source on file.
- UNICEF. Government of Guyana committed to protecting, promoting children’s rights, President says. December 4, 2020.
https://www.unicef.org/guyanasuriname/press-releases/government-guyana-committed-protecting-promoting-childrens-rights-president-says - Stabroek News. Glaring lack of action by Rights of the Child Commission. November 20, 2020.
https://www.stabroeknews.com/2020/11/20/opinion/letters/glaring-lack-of-action-by-rights-of-the-child-commission/ - Government of Guyana. A National Policy Toward the Elimination of Child Labor. 2018. Source on file.
- Guyana Chronicle. Big blow to child labour. April 27, 2019.
https://guyanachronicle.com/2019/04/27/big-blow-to-child-labour - Government of Guyana. National Plan of Action for the Prevention and Response to Trafficking in Persons for 2019–2020. June 2019. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 14, 2020.
- Government of Guyana. National Development Strategy, Chapter 20: Educational Policy. March 31, 2016. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 20, 2022.
- Government of Guyana. The Because We Care Cash Grant is for every child attending school – Minister Manickchand. August 2, 2022.
https://education.gov.gy/en/index.php/media2/news-events/5039-the-because-we-care-cash-grant-is-for-every-child-attending-school-minister-manickchand - U.S. Embassy- Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 15, 2021.
- Government of Guyana. 5B’s in action! October 19, 2019.
https://dpi.gov.gy/5bs-in-action/ - News Room Guyana. Child Advocacy Centres now equipped to record child abuse digitally. June 27, 2019.
https://newsroom.gy/2019/06/27/child-advocacy-centres-now-equipped-to-record-child-abuse-digitally/ - Ramnarine, Telesha. Two more child advocacy centres for Region Six. Guyana Chronicle, February 22, 2021.
https://guyanachronicle.com/2021/02/22/two-more-child-advocacy-centres-for-region-six/ - U.S. Embassy- Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 6, 2022.
- ILO. Regional Initiative Latin America and the Caribbean Free of Child Labor. Accessed March 19, 2021.
https://www.ilo.org/caribbean/projects/WCMS_525556/lang--en/index.htm
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