Children in El Salvador are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation and in illicit activities, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in the harvesting of coffee. (1,2-4) In 2021, the Director General of Statistics and Census published results from the 2020 El Salvador Annual Multipurpose Household Survey, which found that around 88,300 children between the ages of 5 and 17 are working in El Salvador, a 5.3 percent decrease since 2019. (5,6) The survey also found that more than 60 percent of child laborers live in rural communities and 34 percent do not attend school. However, it did not include information about the sectors in which children were working, as well as details on the specific worst forms of child labor to which children were subjected. (5,6) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in El Salvador.

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (7)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM), 2020. (8)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Children in El Salvador often lack economic stability and educational opportunities and are vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor, including commercial sexual exploitation. They are also recruited by gangs for illicit activities such as delivering threats, collecting extortion money, conducting surveillance activities, trafficking drugs, and committing homicides. (1,2,4,11,14) The MS-13 and Barrio 18 gangs are the most active in recruiting, training, and arming children in the country, in order to exert territorial control and produce revenue through criminal activities. Children are coerced to join the gangs, but once they join gang membership is permanent and they cannot leave without severe or deadly consequences for themselves or their families. (5) Gang recruits must commit murder to gain full membership status in the gang, thus forcing children to perpetrate homicides at the direction of adult gang leaders. (5) Additionally, gangs often force young girls into domestic servitude, including providing childcare, and into sexual exploitation. In some cases of gang activity, children are taken into prisons to be commercially sexually exploited by prisoners. (4,5,11) Reports indicate that those who resist have been assaulted or killed. (2,4,11) According to El Salvador's Trafficking in Person's Special Prosecutor and local NGOs, adolescent girls with limited education are among the most at risk of being trafficked. (14)  LGBTQI+ adolescents are also at risk of being forced into commercial sexual exploitation by gangs. (2)

Children often emigrate to escape violence, extortion, and forced recruitment by gangs, in addition to seeking economic opportunities and family reunification. Human trafficking is also a driver of child migration. (4,15,16) Gangs target adolescent girls for forced commercial sex, causing them and sometimes their entire families to flee El Salvador in fear. Once en route, however, girls and other children from El Salvador remain vulnerable to human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. (4,15)

Multiple reports, including by third-party monitoring groups, indicate that the use of child labor in sugarcane harvesting has decreased since 2010. (1) However, despite ongoing government efforts to address child labor in this sector, recent data has not been published to demonstrate the impact of these efforts and provide details on specific government programs. (10)

At schools, children are recruited, extorted, and harassed by gangs, which may cause them to stop attending. (11) This situation is aggravated by the fact that a majority of schools are located in communities where gangs are present. (17,18) Indigenous children are sometimes threatened by gang members for crossing gang territorial lines that are set across ancestral indigenous land, forcing some of them to drop out of school. (19) Children who do not attend school are more vulnerable to child labor, including its worst forms. (1,20)  Children in El Salvador face numerous barriers to education such as insufficient funds allocated to education and precarious school infrastructure. (18) Poverty, particularly in rural areas, also presents a barrier to education in El Salvador because children leave school to contribute to family income. (18) According to the Comprehensive Law of Protection of Childhood and Adolescence, a lack of identity documents should not prevent school enrollment. However, research indicates that children are still being required to have birth certificates to enroll in schools, in contravention of national law. (2,11) According to the Ministry of Education, this is standard procedure in every school in the country. In the cases when a child does not have a birth certificate, the school will consider their enrollment, but there is no guarantee of admission. (21) This practice may be having an adverse effect on the enrollment rates of children in school, because the cost for these documents is prohibitive for very poor families. (2,5,11) Approximately, 11 percent of children in the country do not have a birth certificate. (13) Reporting also indicates that children from indigenous communities disproportionately lack access to education. (1,2,11)

Many students drop out of school before completing their education, particularly during middle school, due to the existing barriers to education. (5) The Ministry of Education (MINED) reported that only 6 out of 10 students complete the compulsory education of 9 years, and over 851,794 students did not register for the 2021 school year. This is a 1.3 percent increase in the number of students failing to attend school compared to 2020. (5) The COVID‐19 pandemic has increased the drop‐out rate due to lack of access to computers and reliable internet connection needed to participate in virtual classes. (5) Rural areas have had the greatest difficulty keeping students in school. The General Directorate of Statistics (DIGESTYC) 2020 Multiple Purpose and Household Survey reported in 2021 that only 6.5% of rural households had access to the Internet in 2020. (5) Additionally, most schools in the country are not constructed in a manner that would allow them to adjust to environmental changes. For example, 6 out of 10 schools are not prepared to face environmental risks, natural disasters, and epidemics. (5) Furthermore, 1,943 schools do not have adequate sanitation systems, 938 schools do not have access to drinking water, and an additional 964 schools have an inconsistent source of water. (5)

El Salvador has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in El Salvador's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including a minimum age for work that is lower than the compulsory age for basic education.

* Country has no conscription
‡ Age calculated based on available information (24,31)

As the minimum age for work is lower than the compulsory education age, children may be encouraged to leave school before the completion of compulsory education. (22-24) While children are not permitted to be employed other than in light work until the age of 16, the light work framework is inconsistent with international standards because it does not specify the activities of work permitted. (22-24)

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2021, labor law enforcement agencies in El Salvador took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (MTPS) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient financial resource allocation.

The government provided limited information on its labor law enforcement efforts for inclusion in this report. In 2021, the funding for the labor inspectorate was reduced by almost 50 percent compared to 2020. The Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (MTPS) has indicated that its budget is insufficient to address workers' rights. (11) In addition, inspectors focus primarily on the formal sector in urban areas due to resource constraints, despite the size of El Salvador's informal sector. (2,11,37) While the number of labor inspectors in the country is unknown, according to the ILO's technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 40,000 workers in less developed countries, El Salvador would need to employ roughly 191 labor inspectors as its workforce consists of over 2.8 million workers. (38,39)

Article 627 of the Labor Code specifies a default fine of no more than $60 per violation of all labor laws, including child labor laws. (23) Reports indicate that this amount is insufficient to deter labor violations. (35)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2021, criminal law enforcement agencies in El Salvador took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient allocation of financial resources.

The government did not provide information on its criminal law enforcement efforts for inclusion in this report. However, in October 2021, police officers arrested 30 individuals for sharing child pornography photos through social media applications. The Attorney General's Office also reported identifying 35 victims of child trafficking for sexual exploitation during the reporting period. (5,41) The Trafficking in Persons Unit of the Attorney General's Office reported it provided training during the reporting period to its 12 prosecutors, and some of these trainings were on human trafficking and smuggling, cybercrimes against children and adolescents, and on the Model of Cooperation for the Search of Missing Children. Additionally, the National Civil Police also received training on trafficking in persons during the year. (42) However, the scope of the government's criminal law enforcement efforts is insufficient to fully address the extent of the child labor problem in the country, particularly when it comes to the worst forms of child labor.

The Attorney General's Office stated the need for more investigators and analysts due to the complexity of the investigations and the specialized investigation technique required. (5,11) Reports also indicate that the Ministry of Justice and Public Security is underfunded, lacks a significant number of resources such as cars and computers, and is unable to support a sufficient number of investigators to collect and analyze evidence to process case backlogs. (1,13,14,37) Salvadoran police chiefs and prosecutors noted that difficulties in collecting, sharing, and gaining actionable insights from investigative information remain a challenge, especially because investigative bodies lack the capabilities to share information electronically. (43)

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including a lack of efficacy in accomplishing mandates.

In 2021, the government of El Salvador signed a cooperation agreement with the governments of Honduras and Guatemala to increase efforts against trafficking in persons. This agreement strengthens the existing coordination work that the Trafficking in Persons Unit of the Attorney General's Office performs in coordinating with prosecutors in the region on investigations, search and rescue of victims, repatriation or return of nationals or foreign victims, legal protection of victims, and collection of evidence. (42,48)

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including the lack of mainstreaming child labor issues into relevant national policies.

† Policy was implemented during the reporting period.
‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (1,5,35,58-61)

The government has not included child labor elimination and prevention strategies in the National Youth Policy (2010–2024). (13,62)

In 2021, the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare launched the Labor Market Information System (SIMEL) as a tool to analyze the labor market and main labor indicators in the country. (63) It assists in the development of public policy instruments that produce strategic impact on the labor market. (64) This system will provide information on the number of people working under dangerous conditions that could harm their physical and mental integrity, as well as on child labor. It will also provide information on the country's progress towards abolishing these types of occupations and detail challenges that remain to eliminate the prevalence of jobs of this nature. (65)

In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the inadequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.

† Program is funded by the Government of El Salvador.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (1,72,78,79)

In 2021, the Ministry of Education continued providing financial assistance to children in the form of school uniforms, shoes, and supplies, with its economic investment reaching a value of $73.5 million. The Ministry of Education also contributed approximately $14.2 million to the School Food and Health Program. (5)

Despite efforts to address human trafficking, services for boys who are human trafficking survivors are limited, which may leave them vulnerable to being trafficked again. (43) Although the government implements several programs to reduce the worst forms of child labor by assisting poor families and school children, research found no evidence that the government has programs that assist child laborers who may not be living with their families and not attending school, such as children engaged in domestic work. (13)

Civil society organizations in El Salvador have raised concerns that actions taken by the government, such as the creation of a commission to investigate the allocation of funds to civil society organizations, may have negative repercussions on them. They are specifically concerned that these actions will affect the ability to operate of independent civil society organizations, including those working on children's issues, which in turn could increase the vulnerability of children to exploitation. (80-82)

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in El Salvador (Table 11).

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8. ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM), 2020. Analysis received March 2022. Please see the “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
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