Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports
Comoros
Moderate Advancement
In 2021, Comoros made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Comoros ratified the Forced Labor Protocol, which commits the country to taking effective measures to prevent forced labor, protect victims, and ensure victim access to judicial recourse. The government also modified its Penal Code to increase penalties for the use of children in drug trafficking and opened a new center in Grand Comore for vulnerable and abused children. However, children in Comoros are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in forced labor in agriculture. Children also perform dangerous tasks in domestic work. Comoros' Labor Code only applies to workers with a formal work agreement, leaving child laborers, particularly those in the informal sector, vulnerable to exploitation. In addition, the legal framework defines child trafficking as requiring the use of force, fraud, or coercion, which does not conform with international standards. Finally, Comoros lacks a national action plan to address the worst forms of child labor.
Children in Comoros are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in forced labor in agriculture. Children also perform dangerous tasks in domestic work. (1-4) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Comoros.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
23.0 (42,145) |
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
81.5 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
20.8 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
76.7 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2017, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (5)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization’s analysis of statistics from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2012. (6)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Production of manioc,† beans,† vanilla,† cloves,† and ylang-ylang† (3,7) |
|
Animal husbandry† (3) |
|
|
Fishing† (3) |
|
|
Industry |
Construction,† including in carpentry† (3) |
|
Extracting and selling marine sand (1,3,7) |
|
|
Services |
Domestic work† (3) |
|
Street vending (3,8) |
|
|
Repairing cars† and bicycles,† including tire vulcanization,† and battery charging† (7,8) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Forced labor in domestic work, construction, street vending, baking, fishing, and agriculture (2,3,7,9,10) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Data detailing the prevalence of children engaged in the worst forms of child labor in Comoros are not available; however, anecdotal reports suggest that some children are subjected to domestic servitude and forced labor in the agricultural and fishing sectors. (1,4,10) Children from poor or rural families are at higher risk of being placed into forced labor. (2,3) Some parents who are unable to care for their children send them to wealthier families, who are expected to provide food, shelter, and schooling for the children in exchange for housework. In practice, some may become domestic workers and victims of labor exploitation and abuse. (1-4,11) In Comoros, it is a traditional practice to send children to Koranic teachers to receive an education. Some Koranic teachers, however, may force their students to perform domestic or agricultural work, and some children are sexually and physically abused. (1,2,8,11) In nearby Mayotte, which is administered by France, reports indicate that there are more than 3,000 unaccompanied children from Comoros, some of whom are exploited in the worst forms of child labor or may be vulnerable to human trafficking. (2,12) There are reports that drug traffickers use teenagers to transport drugs on boats to Mayotte. (3,9)
Children in Comoros often work on family farms or family fishing boats, performing agricultural tasks with sharp tools, carrying heavy loads of products, and climbing tall heights to harvest fruit. In construction, children work without basic safety or protective equipment. (3,9)
Although an approximately equal numbers of boys and girls attend public primary schools, fewer girls complete primary education. Due to a lack of facilities to accommodate female menstrual cycles, girls often miss school or leave altogether. (3,13,14) Furthermore, poor school infrastructure, the limited availability of teachers, and physical and sexual violence in schools may impede access to education and increase the vulnerability of children to the worst forms of child labor. (1,9)
Comoros has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
In June 2021, Comoros ratified the Forced Labor Protocol, which commits the country to taking effective measures to prevent forced labor, protect victims, and ensure victim access to judicial recourse. The Protocol will enter into effect on July 15, 2022. (15,16)
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Comoros’ legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the lack of minimum age protections for all children.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
No |
15 |
Article 129 of the Labor Code (17) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 131(d) of the Labor Code; Article 7 of the Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking (17,18) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
List of Dangerous Occupations; Article 131(d) of the Labor Code; Article 7 of the Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking (17-19) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Articles 2.1 and 131 of the Labor Code; Article 13 of the Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking (17,18) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
No |
Article 131 of the Labor Code; Articles 13 and 14 of the Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking; Art. 266-11 of the Penal Code (17,18) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Article 131 of the Labor Code; Articles 8–11 and 13 of the Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking; Articles 322 and 323 of the Penal Code (17,18,20) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Article 131(c) of the Labor Code; Article 6(c) of the Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking (17,18) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
18 |
Articles 41, 52, and 58 of Law No. 97-006/AF (21) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
N/A* |
||
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
Yes |
Article 6(a) of the Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking (18) |
|
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
16 |
Article 2 of the Outline Act on the Education System; Article 4 on the Decree on Education Policy (22,23) |
|
Free Public Education |
No |
Article 1 of the Outline Act on the Education System; Preamble of the Constitution (22,24) |
* Country has no conscription (25)
In February 2021, the government enacted changes to the Penal Code that criminalized sex and labor trafficking, including doubling penalties for the use of minors in drug trafficking. (2,3) Article 266-11 of the new criminal code prescribed penalties of 10 to 20 years’ imprisonment and a fine of $74,880 (30 million Comorian francs) for human trafficking crimes involving a child victim. (2,26)
Comoros' Law to Combat Child Labor and Trafficking defines child trafficking as requiring the use of force, fraud, or coercion, which does not conform with international standards. (18,27) While the Labor Code does not stipulate this requirement, it also does not exclude the means of force, fraud, or coercion for child trafficking victims. (13,17,18) The 2020 Penal Code also does not exclude the means of force, fraud, or coercion for child trafficking victims. (28) Thus, Comoros' child trafficking laws do not meet international standards.
The Labor Code allows children under age 15 to perform light work in domestic work or agriculture if it does not interfere with their education or physical or moral development. The Labor Code, however, does not set 13 as the minimum age for light work, specify the conditions under which light work may be conducted, or limit the number of hours for light work, as defined by international standards on child labor. (13,17,22) In addition, the Labor Code applies only to workers who perform work under a formal employment agreement, which does not conform to international standards requiring that all children be protected under the law establishing a minimum age for work. (13,17)
There is no free basic education for children in Comoros as established by law, increasing the risk of children’s involvement in child labor. (1,22,29) Furthermore, as the minimum age for work is lower than the compulsory education age, children may be encouraged to leave school before the completion of compulsory education.
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Labor (MOL) |
Enforces child labor laws, investigates allegations of child labor, and refers cases of the worst forms of child labor for criminal investigation. (1,13) |
|
Police Morals and Minors Brigade |
Investigates allegations of child abuse, including child trafficking, and refers cases for prosecution. (8,30) |
|
Ministry of Justice |
Prosecutes criminal cases, including those related to child trafficking. Has specialized courts for minors, with judges responsible for the prosecution of cases involving forced labor, child trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation, and the use of children in illicit activities. (1,8) |
|
National Commission for Human Rights and Freedoms (CNDHL) |
Investigates allegations of child labor and child trafficking, and refers cases to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution. (31) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2021, labor law enforcement agencies in Comoros took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Labor (MOL) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient financial resource allocation.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2020 |
2021 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
0 (1) |
0 (3) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
3 (1) |
4 (3) |
|
Mechanism to Assess Civil Penalties |
Yes (17) |
Yes (17) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
N/A (1) |
Yes (3) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A (1) |
No (3) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (17) |
No (3) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
80 (1) |
25 (3) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
80 (1) |
25 (3) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
0 (1) |
0 (3) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
N/A (1) |
N/A |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
N/A (1) |
N/A |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (1) |
Yes (3) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (1) |
Yes (3) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (17) |
Yes (17) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
No (1) |
No (3) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (1) |
Yes (3) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (1) |
Yes (3) |
During the reporting period, the inspectorate targeted inspections in Grand Comore and in the banking and hotel sectors. None of the inspections were child labor-specific, and no child labor violations were identified. (3)
The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Comoros’ workforce, which includes approximately 236,00 workers. According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 40,000 workers in less developed economies, Comoros would need to employ roughly 6 inspectors. (32) Reports indicate that there is a lack of training, equipment, transportation, and funding available to conduct child labor inspections. (1,2,33,34) Inspectors have indicated that although there is a budget for fixed costs such as salaries, there is no operating budget for the labor inspectorate, and labor inspectors have to rely on their own funds for costs such as transportation. (1-3,9)
Although the labor inspectorate is permitted to conduct unannounced inspections, in practice, inspectors usually respond only when the MOL receives complaints, and they conduct inspections primarily in the formal sector, even though most child labor is concentrated in the informal sector. The labor inspectorate is required to submit a yearly report detailing its work, including statistics on inspections, offenses identified, and penalties imposed; however, no report of this type was identified during the reporting period. (3) Finally, although a reciprocal referral mechanism was established under the National Action Plan for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor in Comoros 2010–2015, it does not appear that this mechanism is currently active. While the Services D'Ecoute may provide assistance services to children, these services are in response to cases involving violence against children. (3)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2021, research did not find information on whether criminal law enforcement agencies in Comoros took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Police Morals and Minors Brigade that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient financial resource allocation.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2020 |
2021 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
No (1) |
No (3) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A |
No (3) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (10) |
No (3) |
|
Number of Investigations |
Unknown (1) |
Unknown |
|
Number of Violations Found |
Unknown (1) |
Unknown |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown (1) |
Unknown |
|
Number of Convictions |
Unknown (1) |
Unknown |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown (1) |
Unknown |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (1) |
Yes (3) |
Reports indicate that a lack of trained staff, equipment, transportation, and funding inhibit criminal law enforcement efforts on the worst forms of child labor. (1-4)
The government did not provide information on its criminal law enforcement efforts for inclusion in this report.
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including a lack of efficacy in accomplishing mandates.
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
National Committee Against Child Labor |
Coordinates government efforts on child labor. Chaired by MOL. (8,35) Research was unable to determine whether the committee was active during the reporting period. |
|
Interagency Anti-Trafficking Task Force |
Reconstituted in late December 2019 under the direction of the Foreign Ministry, comprises multiple government agencies, the Services d'Ecoute, NGOs, and international organizations. Leads government efforts in anti-trafficking policies. (1) Research was unable to determine whether the task force was active during the reporting period. |
|
National Commission for Solidarity, Social Protection, and the Promotion of Gender |
Coordinates new government efforts to strengthen partnerships with state and non-state actors engaged in child protection issues. (9) In 2021, the Commission remained active, though research was unable to identify activities that were undertaken to address child labor. (36) |
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including a lack of implementation.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Policy for the Protection of Children (2016–2021) |
Aimed to improve child protection in Comoros; included components to combat the worst forms of child labor, with a focus on child trafficking. Led by the Ministry of Health, Solidarity, Social Protection, and Gender Promotion. (8,35,37) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the National Policy for the Protection of Children during the reporting period. |
‡ The government has other policies that may have addressed child labor issues. (39)
Although child labor is integrated into some government policies, Comoros has not adopted a new national action plan to address child labor and its action plan to combat trafficking in persons was only operative for 1 year. (1,4,9)
In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the inadequacy of efforts to address the problem in all sectors.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Services d'Ecoute (Listening Services)† |
UNICEF-funded, government-backed centers that provide protective services and offer immediate assistance to vulnerable and abused children. (3,4,33,40,41) Investigates allegations of violence against children, including the worst forms of child labor, and refers perpetrators to criminal authorities for prosecution. (9,33,42) In 2021, the government recruited psychologists to staff the centers in Ngazidja, Anjouan, and Moheli, and opened a new center in Grand Comore. (4,43) |
|
UNICEF Country Program (2015–2021) |
UNICEF-funded program that supported the government’s efforts to strengthen children’s rights to survival, development, education, protection, and social inclusion. (42) During the reporting period, the program implemented efforts to improve education access, including projects to install toilets in schools and expand pre-school education enrollment. (44) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Comoros.
An independent evaluation of Services d'Ecoute found that it responded to the needs of child victims of violence and improved the professionalism of those responding to child victims. However, program personnel lack relevant training in social services provision and in international standards on child protection, which has resulted in incomplete casework and a lack of evaluation and follow-up with child victims. (41,45)
Although the government has programs that target child labor, their scope is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem, particularly in agriculture and domestic work.
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Comoros (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that the law’s light work provisions set age 13 as the minimum age, prescribe the number of hours per week that light work may be undertaken, and specify the conditions under which light work may be conducted, as defined by international standards on child labor. |
2012 – 2021 |
|
Establish by law the right to free basic education. |
2020 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that the law’s minimum age for work provisions and protections apply to children in unpaid or non-contractual work. |
2015 – 2021 |
|
|
Align child sex trafficking laws with international standards by ensuring that force, fraud, or coercion are not required elements in child trafficking cases. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
|
Raise the minimum age for work to the age to which education is compulsory. |
2021 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Provide the labor inspectorate with an operating budget for resources, training, transportation, and equipment to provide adequate coverage of the workforce. |
2009 – 2021 |
|
Provide inspectors with appropriate training on new laws related to child labor and offer regular refresher trainings on the concepts of child labor law enforcement. |
2021 |
|
|
Increase the number of labor inspectors to meet the ILO’s technical advice. |
2018 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that inspectors carry out inspections in the informal sector. |
2020 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that the labor inspectorate uses its authority to conduct unannounced inspections rather than relying solely on complaints received to initiate inspections. |
2017 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that the labor inspectorate fulfills its mandate to collect and publish data and statistics related to inspection efforts. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
|
Establish and use a functioning reciprocal mechanism between labor enforcement authorities and social services. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
|
Publish information on the number of criminal law investigations, violations found, penalties assessed, prosecutions initiated, and convictions related to cases of the worst forms of child labor. |
2009 – 2021 |
|
|
Increase and improve trainings for criminal law enforcement personnel, as well as the allocation of resources, transportation, and equipment, to enhance criminal law enforcement efforts related to the worst forms of child labor. |
2009 – 2021 |
|
|
Coordination |
Ensure that all coordinating bodies are able to carry out their intended mandates. |
2014 – 2021 |
|
Government Policies |
Ensure that activities are undertaken to implement key policies related to child labor during the reporting period and that data on these activities are published. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
Adopt a new National Action Plan to Combat Child Labor and develop other relevant policies to address the worst forms of child labor. |
2016 – 2021 |
|
|
Social Programs |
Enhance efforts to eliminate barriers to education, including for girls, by increasing school capacity, infrastructure, and teacher availability, and by addressing school violence. |
2014 – 2021 |
|
Collect and publish data on the prevalence of child labor and the types of work children perform in Comoros. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that social program personnel, such as those in the Services d'Ecoute, have adequate and relevant training to be able to appropriately respond to the needs of child victims, including those abused by religious leaders. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
|
Implement and expand existing programs to address the scope of the child labor problem, particularly in agriculture and domestic work. |
2009 – 2021 |
- U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. January 26, 2021.
- U.S. Department of State. 2021 Trafficking in Persons Report--Comoros. Washington, D.C., June 2021.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/comoros/ - U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. February 16, 2022.
- U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. February 28, 2022.
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 3, 2022. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/ - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2012. Analysis received March 2022. For more information, please see Please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. March 12, 2019.
- U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. January 20, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. February 18, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. February 26, 2021.
- Fernald, Briana. Examining Human Rights in Comoros. The Borgen Project, October 20, 2017.
https://borgenproject.org/human-rights-in-comoros/ - France TV Info. À Mayotte, plus de 3 000 enfants sont livrés à eux-mêmes dans la rue. March 9, 2018.
https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/enfant-ado/a-mayotte-plus-de-3-000-enfants-sont-livres-a-eux-memes-dans-la-rue_2648552.html - U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2020: Comoros. Washington, D.C., March 30, 2021.
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/COMOROS-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf - ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Comoros (ratification 2004). Published 2022.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID,P13100_COUNTRY_ID:4124018,103360 - 50 for Freedom. Comoros is determined to fight Forced Labour. August 3, 2021.
https://50forfreedom.org/blog/news/comoros-ratification/?noredirect=en_US - ILO. Ratifications of 029 - Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930. Accessed April 15, 2022.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:3174672 - Government of Comoros. Loi N°12- Abrogeant, modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions de la Loi N°84-108/PR Portant Code du Travail. Enacted: June 28, 2012.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/91298/105824/F-496652550/COM-91298.pdf - Government of Comoros. Loi N°14-034/AU portant lutte contre le travail et la traite des enfants. Enacted: December 22, 2014.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/98176/116722/F962391713/COM-98176.pdf - Government of Comoros. Liste des travaux dangereux aux Comores. Enacted: 2012. Source on file.
- Government of Comoros. Loi n°- 082 P/A.F - Loi 95-012/AF portant Code Pénal (Crimes et délits). Enacted: September 18, 1995.
http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=208475 - Government of Comoros. Loi N° 97-006/AF Portant Statut des personnels militaires de la République Fédérale Islamique des Comores. Enacted: July 21, 1997. Source on file.
- Government of Comoros. Loi N° 94-035/AF Portant orientation sur l’éducation. Enacted: January 20, 1995. Source on file.
- Government of Comoros. Decree N21-005 on Education Policy. January 30, 2021. Source on file.
- Government of Comoros. Constitution de l'Union des Comores. Enacted: December 23, 2001.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/72696/74026/F-92095240/COM-72696.pdf - U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. February 13, 2017.
- U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Official communication to USDOL official. June 23, 2022.
- U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2020: Comoros. Washington, D.C., June 16, 2020.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/comoros/ - Government of Comoros. Loi n°20-038_AU du 29 decembre 2020 portant Code Penal. Source on file.
- Abouheir, Andjouza. La scolarisation obligatoire dès l’âge de 3 ans. La Gazette de Comoros. December 30, 2020.
http://lagazettedescomores.com/société/la-scolarisation-obligatoire-dès-l’âge-de-3-ans-.html - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2017: Comoros. Washington, D.C., June 27, 2017.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-trafficking-in-persons-report/comoros/ - U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. February 2, 2017.
- ILO modelled estimates and projections (ILOEST) – Population and labour force. Accessed January 25, 2022. Labor force data is modelled on a combination of demographic and economic explanatory variables by the ILO. Please see "Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ - U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. January 25, 2019.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) Comoros (ratification: 1978). Published: 2017. Accessed November 6, 2017.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3300060 - Government of Comoros. Politique Nationale de Protection de I'Enfant en Union des Comores. October 13, 2016. Source on file.
- Hassani, Housni. Promotion du Genre, Une conference pour participation effective de la femme. Alwatwan. December 13, 2021.
https://alwatwan.net/societe/promotion-du-genre-i-une-conférence-pour-«l’égalité-des-chances-et-la-participation-effective-de-la-femme».html - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2018: Comoros. Washington, D.C., June 28, 2018.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report/comoros/ - Government of Comoros. Plan d'Action 2020 de l'Union de Comores Portant sur la Lutte Contre la Traite des Personnes. April 2020. Source on file.
- African Union. Ten Year Action Plan on Eradication of Child Labor, Forced Labor, Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery in Africa (2020-2030). Addis Ababa. April 6, 2021.
https://www.ilo.org/africa/technical-cooperation/accel-africa/WCMS_778563/lang--en/index.htm - U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. March 15, 2019.
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http://comoresdroit.centerblog.net/2381-des-services-d-ecoute-et-de-protection-des-enfants - UNICEF. UNICEF Annual Report 2017 Comoros. February 19, 2019.
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