Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports
Cabo Verde
Moderate Advancement
In 2021, Cabo Verde made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government amended the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure to increase penalties for sexual crimes committed against children, notably those between the ages of 14 and 16. These amendments also increase penalties by one-third in situations involving family relationships or guardianships, and attribute accountability not only to perpetrators but also to those who assist in the victimization of children. In addition, the Cabo Verdean Institute for Children and Adolescents launched a program to ensure that children remain in school and stay off the streets. Furthermore, a National Plan to Prevent and Combat Sexual Violence Against Children and Adolescents, along with a National Communications Strategy for the Prevention and Combat of Sexual Violence were approved. In 2021, Maio Island recorded zero cases of child labor after having recorded the highest number of cases in the country during the previous reporting period, due to extensive awareness-raising efforts conducted throughout the island and increased collaboration between relevant agencies. However, children in Cabo Verde are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in agriculture. Laws prohibiting forced labor are not sufficient as they do not criminalize practices similar to slavery or debt bondage and forced or compulsory labor. In addition, communication among law enforcement agencies is limited and social programs to assist children involved in agriculture and domestic work are not sufficient to address the scope of the problem.
Children in Cabo Verde are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. (1-6) Children also perform dangerous tasks in agriculture. (6-8) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Cabo Verde.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
10 to 14 |
3.2 (2,392) |
|
Working children by sector |
10 to 14 |
|
|
Agriculture |
79.2 |
|
|
Industry |
7.2 |
|
|
Services |
13.7 |
|
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
90.1 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
10 to 14 |
1.7 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
100.0 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2019, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (9)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization’s analysis of statistics from Inquérito as Despesas e Receitas Familiares (HHS), 2001–2002. (10)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Farming, including carrying heavy loads† (1,7,8,11) |
|
Raising livestock (12) |
|
|
Artisanal fishing in small boats† (8,13) |
|
|
Industry |
Construction, including sand extraction (8,13) |
|
Services |
Domestic work (1,7,8,11) |
|
Street work, including vending, garbage scavenging,† car washing, and begging (6-8,13-15) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1-5) |
|
Use in illicit activities, including drug trafficking (6,12) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
As of June 2021, the Cabo Verdean Institute for Children and Adolescents in Maio Island reported zero child labor cases, likely due to extensive awareness-raising efforts conducted throughout the island and increased collaboration between relevant agencies. In 2020, according to the Institute, the island had recorded the highest number of cases in the country. (16)
The commercial sexual exploitation of boys and girls, including in the tourism industry, occurs in Cabo Verde. (3,4,6,12) Research indicates that the islands of Sal and Boa Vista register the highest incidence of commercial sexual exploitation of children. (2) In addition, anecdotal reports indicates that children may have been victims of commercial sexual exploitation on the islands of Brava, Santiago, Fogo, and São Vicente. (6)
According to the Cabo Verdean Institute for Children and Adolescents (ICCA), not all special needs students or children in remote areas of Cabo Verde have equal access to education. In some areas, children must travel long distances through mountainous topography to reach secondary schools. (8)
Cabo Verde has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Cabo Verde's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the prohibition of forced labor.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
15 |
Article 261 of the Labor Code (17) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 264 of the Labor Code; Article 133 of the Civil Code (17,18) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
National List of Dangerous Work for Children (19) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
No |
Article 14 of Chapter 3 of the Labor Code; Articles 271 and 271-A of the Penal Code (17,20,21) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Articles 149 and 271-A of the Penal Code (20) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Articles 144, 145, 148–150, and 271-A of the Penal Code (20) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Article 8 of the Drug Trafficking Law (22) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
17 |
Article 31 of the Military Service Law (23) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
Yes |
Article 2 of the Military Service Law (23) |
|
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
Yes |
Article 268-C of the Penal Code (20) |
|
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
15‡ |
Articles 13 and 20 of the Education Law (24) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Article 14 of the Education Law (24) |
‡ Age calculated based on available information (25)
In 2021, amendments were made to the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, increasing penalties, in some cases by several years, for sexual crimes committed against children up to age 16, including commercial sexual exploitation crimes. These amendments also increase penalties by one-third in cases involving a family relationship or guardianship, and not only hold perpetrators accountable but also any persons who may have assisted in the victimization of children in such crimes. (21)
Laws prohibiting forced labor are not sufficient because they do not criminalize practices similar to slavery, including debt bondage and forced or compulsory labor. (17,20) The Civil Code includes a list of light work activities that children age 14 are allowed to perform; however, the law does not prescribe the number of hours per week permissible for light work, nor does it specify the conditions under which light work may be performed. (18,26,27)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Inspector General for Labor |
Monitors and enforces child labor laws, working closely with the Cabo Verdean Institute for Children and Adolescents (ICCA). (11) |
|
Attorney General's Office |
Determines whether cases have merit and refers relevant cases to the Judicial Police for further investigation. Prepares cases for trial. (28) |
|
Judicial Police and National Police |
Judicial Police conduct criminal investigations; National Police make arrests related to the worst forms of child labor, including human trafficking. (8) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2021, labor law enforcement agencies in Cabo Verde took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Inspector General for Labor (IGT) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient financial resource allocation.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2020 |
2021 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
21 (11) |
21 (8) |
|
Mechanism to Assess Civil Penalties |
Yes (29) |
Yes (29) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Unknown |
Yes (8) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
723† (11) |
1,087 (8) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksites |
723† (11) |
1,087 (8) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
Unknown |
1 (8) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
Unknown |
1 (8) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
Unknown |
1 (8) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (11) |
Yes (8) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (11) |
Yes (8) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (29) |
Yes (29) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (11) |
Yes (8) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (11) |
Yes (8) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (11) |
Yes (8) |
† Data are from January 2020 to June 2020. (11)
During the reporting period, labor inspectors received training on laws related to child labor and hazardous child labor. In addition, about a quarter of the IGT's labor inspectors completed a 15-hour online training focused on the elimination of child labor, along with other participants from the community of Portuguese-speaking countries. (8) Course objectives focused on increasing participants' understanding of child labor and how to eliminate it, sharing best practices to address the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, and defining how governments and relevant entities can be more effective toward eliminating child labor. (30)
From January to June 2021, ICCA received 17 allegations of child labor violations through its child protection hotline. ICCA conducts informal inspections when it receives any allegations of child labor and keeps the Attorney General's office informed whenever further investigative action is needed. (8) All child labor cases found by IGT inspectors are referred to ICCA for care or for referral to social services providers. (8)
Reports indicate that the number of labor inspectors is insufficient to cover the entire country. The IGT also reported that its budget is not sufficient to fulfill all its operational needs. (8)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2021, criminal law enforcement agencies in Cabo Verde took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient allocation of human resources.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2020 |
2021 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Number of Investigations |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Number of Violations Found |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Number of Convictions |
0 (31) |
1 (32) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (11) |
Yes (8) |
The government did not provide information on its criminal law enforcement efforts for inclusion in this report. However, reports indicate that the Judicial Police and the National Police often lack the necessary financial and human resources to conduct thorough investigations, including cases of child labor. (33)
Although the government compiled anti-trafficking statistics during the reporting period, reports indicate that comprehensive sharing of anti-human trafficking and victim protection data remained weak among agencies. (6) In addition, while law enforcement agencies work well together, limited coordination between these agencies, such as struggles in sharing case information and updates, may hinder their enforcement efforts. (12) Reports indicate that the judicial system is overburdened with a backlog of cases, which can contribute to a lack of protection for child victims of the worst forms of child labor, including children subjected to commercial sexual exploitation. (2,3,33)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8).
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
National Committee for Child Labor Prevention and Eradication in Cabo Verde |
Coordinates the execution of the National Action Plan for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor and provides a functional mechanism for reciprocal referrals between law enforcement and social services. Led by ICCA, with support from the Ministry of Youth, Labor and Development of Human Resources. (34) In 2021, continued drafting an updated National Action Plan for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor. (8) |
|
ICCA |
Coordinates and monitors the implementation of all national programs and activities to prevent and eliminate child labor. Works closely with the Inspector General for Labor and the National Committee for Child Labor Prevention and Eradication on all matters related to prevention and elimination of child labor in the country. (8) During the reporting period, began collecting data to better understand how the pandemic is affecting the child labor situation in the country. Moreover, launched a program to ensure children remain in school and stay off the streets and conducted a mapping analysis of NGOs and community associations involved in the protection of children's rights. (8,35,36) |
|
Children and Adolescent Committee to Prevent and Combat Sexual Abuse and Exploitation |
Contributes to the prevention and elimination of child sexual exploitation by coordinating the activities of member organizations and public and private services. Supervises, monitors, and evaluates the National Plan to Combat Sexual Violence Against Children and Adolescents. (12) Led by ICCA. (37) In 2021, in collaboration with UNICEF, drafted the new National Plan to Prevent and Combat Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents (2022–2024), which was approved by the government. (38,39) |
|
Observatory for Monitoring and Rapid Identification of Situations of Trafficking in Persons |
Coordinates and monitors all efforts to eliminate human trafficking. Comprises law enforcement, NGOs, civil society, and various government agencies. (12,40) Led by the Ministry of Justice and Labor. (12) In 2021, conducted meetings with representatives of law enforcement and other agencies and, with IOM, participated in a launch of standard operating procedure manuals for entities responsible for responding to cases of human trafficking. (8) |
The government has established policies that are consistent with relevant international standards on child labor (Table 9).
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Action Plan for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor |
Prioritizes the eradication of child labor. Outlines specific objectives, including data collection, institutional capacity building, and enhancement of measures to prevent, protect, and remove children from involvement in child labor. (34) Active in 2021. (8) |
|
National Plan to Prevent and Combat Sexual Violence Against Children and Adolescents (2022–2024)† |
Aims to prevent and eliminate the sexual exploitation of children by building on lessons learned from the previous plan, while ensuring coordination among institutions and organizations that work to prevent and address sexual violence against children and adolescents. Establishes five goals, including (1) the active participation of children and adolescents; (2) the development of preventive actions against sexual violence; (3) a network of specialized care by trained professionals; (4) combating impunity; and (5) strengthening the national, regional and local entities focused on combating and eliminating sexual violence against children and adolescents, including commercial sexual exploitation. (39) |
|
National Communication Strategy for the Prevention and Combat of Sexual Violence† |
Aims to coordinate public policies to protect children and adolescents against sexual violence, including commercial sexual exploitation. Approved in August 2021 for implementation in 2022. (41) |
|
Code of Ethics Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Guides and governs agencies involved in the tourism sector to eliminate the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. (42) In 2021, UNICEF, in partnership with ICCA, introduced the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism to the Cabo Verdean Institute of Tourism, the Association of Tourist guides, travel agencies, hotels, and NGOs. (36) |
|
National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons (2018–2021) |
Prioritized five strategic areas: prevention, awareness, protection, investigation, and coordination. (43) Established the Observatory for Monitoring and Rapid Identification of Situations of Trafficking in Persons. (12,40) Implemented during the reporting period. (8) |
† Policy was approved during the reporting period.
In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating and preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the inadequacy of efforts to address the problem in all sectors.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Child Labor Awareness Campaigns† |
Government program implemented by ICCA and the National Committee for Child Labor Prevention and Eradication that conducts national awareness-raising campaigns on the worst forms of child labor. (8) In 2021, a campaign was conducted in the capital to raise awareness of the consequences of child labor among parents and the community. (44) |
|
Help for At-Risk Children and Social Protection and Reintegration Centers† |
ICCA-implemented program that provides education, health services, and professional training to vulnerable children and their families. (33) Operates six day centers for street children vulnerable to sexual and labor exploitation, including sex trafficking. Moreover, ICCA operates three additional centers for street children through its Nôs Kaza project. (33) The government also operates five long-term social protection and reintegration centers that provide support and educational integration services to children who have experienced long-term trauma, including child trafficking. (45) In 2021, a new day center was opened in Maio Island. (46) |
|
Child Emergency Centers† |
ICCA-implemented program that operates two emergency centers for child victims of abuse and sexual exploitation on Santiago and São Vicente islands, operating 24/7. (34) Active in 2021. (8) |
|
Cabo Verdean Foundation for Social Action in Education† |
Government programs aimed at providing access to education for disadvantaged children by paying for school fees, materials, and meals. (47) In 2021, continued collecting donations for school kits, including backpacks, uniforms, notebooks, and books, to be distributed to students in need. (48) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Cabo Verde.
Research indicates that awareness-raising efforts on human trafficking, including child sex tourism, remained insufficient on some of the nine inhabited islands. (6) Research also found that programs to assist children involved in agriculture and domestic work are not sufficient to address the scope of the problem.
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Cabo Verde (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that laws prohibiting forced labor criminalize slavery and practices similar to slavery, including debt bondage and forced or compulsory labor. |
2021 |
|
Prescribe by law the number of hours per week and conditions under which light work may be undertaken. |
2015 – 2021 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Publish information on labor inspectorate funding and ensure that the number of labor inspectors is sufficient to cover the country's workforce. |
2011 – 2021 |
|
Ensure that the Inspector General for Labor is provided with an adequate budget to fulfill all its needs. |
2021 |
|
|
Ensure that criminal investigators receive sufficient financial and human resources to conduct thorough investigations, including investigations of child labor. |
2014 – 2021 |
|
|
Make criminal law enforcement data publicly available, including information on training for new criminal investigators, whether refresher courses are provided, and the number of investigations conducted, violations found, prosecutions initiated, and penalties imposed for violations related to the worst forms of child labor. |
2011 – 2021 |
|
|
Develop a system to compile and share comprehensive anti-trafficking in persons and victim identification data among criminal enforcement agencies to improve coordination efforts. |
2018 – 2021 |
|
|
Ensure that the judiciary has sufficient resources and personnel to allow cases to be prosecuted in a timely manner. |
2019 – 2021 |
|
|
Social Programs |
Ensure that special needs students and children in remote areas have equal access to education, including by providing adequate transportation. |
2020 – 2021 |
|
Conduct awareness-raising activities on human trafficking, including child sex tourism, on all nine inhabited islands. |
2018 – 2021 |
|
|
Institute programs to address child labor in agriculture and domestic work. |
2010 – 2021 |
- Pina, Constânça. PR chama “níveis pouco razoáveis” abuso e exploração sexual menores. June 1, 2018. Source on file.
- A Nação. Boa Vista e Sal têm “maior índice” de criminalidade de exploração sexual de menores – deputada. October 25, 2019.
https://anacao.cv/noticia/2019/10/25/boa-vista-e-sal-tem-maior-indice-de-criminalidade-de-exploracao-sexual-de-menores-deputada/ - U.S. Embassy- Praia. Reporting. February 4, 2020.
- Rede Nacional de Prevenção de Abuso e Exploração Sexual de Menores. Plano de Acção da Coordenação Nacional das Redes e Prevenção e Combate aos Abusos e Exploração Sexuais de Crianças em Cabo Verde. January 2019. Source on file.
- A Nação. Predadores sexuais via Facebook: Pena dura para irmãos Alves. February 25, 2018.
https://anacao.cv/noticia/2018/02/25/predadores-sexuais-via-facebook-pena-dura-irmaos-alves/ - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2021: Cabo Verde. Washington, D.C., July 1, 2021.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/cabo-verde/ - Agência Cabo Verdiana de Notícias. Situação do trabalho infantil em Santiago Norte continua “preocupante” – delegado do ICCA. Inforpress, June 12, 2018.
https://inforpress.cv/situacao-do-trabalho-infantil-em-santiago-norte-continua-preocupante-delegado-do-icca/ - U.S. Embassy- Praia. Reporting. January 28, 2022.
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed: March 3, 2022. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/. - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Inquérito as Despesas e Receitas Familiares (HHS), 2001–2002. Analysis received March 2022. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- U.S. Embassy- Praia. Reporting. January 25, 2021.
- U.S. Embassy- Praia. Reporting. January 23, 2019.
- A Nação. São Vicente: Uma em cada cinco crianças do Centro Juvenil foi vítima de trabalho infantil. June 10, 2021.
https://www.anacao.cv/noticia/2021/06/10/sao-vicente-uma-em-cada-cinco-criancas-do-centro-juvenil-foi-vitima-de-trabalho-infantil/ - dos Santos, Carla. Crianças vão deixar de vender fruta nas estradas de Santiago. October 17, 2017.
https://santiagomagazine.cv/sociedade/criancas-vao-deixar-de-vender-fruta-nas-estradas-de-santiago - ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Cabo Verde (ratification: 2001). Published: 2019. Accessed: February 28, 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3950043 - RTC - Rádio Televisão Cabo-Verdiana. Ilha do Maio sem casos de trabalho infantil. June 12, 2021: television broadcast.
https://www.rtc.cv/tcv/video-details?id=20179 - Government of Cabo Verde. Código Laboral Cabo-Verdiano, Lei n.º 5/2007. Enacted: October 16, 2007. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Código Civil, Portaria nº 68-A/97. Enacted: September 30, 1997.
http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation Per Country/cape verde/capeverde_civilcode_1997_pr.pdf - Government of Cabo Verde. Lei n.º 113/VIII/2016, de 10 de março, que aprova a Lista Nacional do Trabalho Infantil Perigoso (TIP) e regula a sua aplicação. Enacted: March 10, 2016.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101425/122193/F1140011145/LEY 113 CABO VERDE.pdf - Government of Cabo Verde. Código Penal, Decreto-legislativo n° 4/2015. Enacted: November 11, 2015. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Lei n.º 117/IX/2021 - Procede à quarta alteração ao Código Penal, aprovado pelo Decreto-Legislativo n.º 4/2003, de 18 de novembro. Enacted: February 11, 2021. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Lei nº 78/IV/93. Enacted: July 12, 1993. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Lei do Serviço Militar, Decreto-Legislativo nº 6/93. Enacted: May 24, 1993. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Bases do Sistema Educativo, Decreto-Legislativo nº 13/2018. December 7, 2018. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Bases do Sistema Educativo, Decreto-Legislativo nº 2/2010. Enacted: May 7, 2010. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Lei nº 50/VIII/2013, Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente - ECA. ICCA, Ministério da Juventude, Emprego e Desenvolvimento dos Recursos Humanos. December 26, 2013.
https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/10-Cape-Verde-Statute-on-Children-and-Adolescents-2013.pdf - ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Cabo Verde (ratification: 2011). Published: 2018.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3339528:YES - U.S. Embassy Praia official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 17, 2021.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Decreto-Lei nº 13/2012. May 4, 2012. Source on file.
- ILO. Curso de E-Learning sobre o Ano Internacional para a Eliminação do Trabalho Infantil para os Países da CPLP. November 8-26, 2021.
https://trabalhoinfantil.cplp.org/media/2830/a2714653_ilsgen_e-learning-ano-internacional-eliminacao-trabalho-infantil_infonote-002.pdf - U.S. Embassy- Praia. Reporting. February 25, 2021.
- U.S. Embassy- Praia official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 2, 2022.
- U.S. Embassy- Praia official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 17, 2021.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Plano de Acção de Prevenção e Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil-PANPETI, Resolução n° 43/2014, do B.O.I Série, n° 36. Enacted: June 2, 2014. Source on file.
- InforPress. ICCA e Acrides admitem que crise da COVID-19 pode levar ao aumento de crianças na rua - Sociedade - Santiago Magazine. June 1, 2021.
https://santiagomagazine.cv/sociedade/icca-e-acrides-admitem-que-crise-da-covid-19-pode-levar-ao-aumento-de-criancas-na-rua - UN Cabo Verde. Proteção das crianças e dos adolescentes contra a exploração e abuso sexual uma prioridade nacional. Abril 5, 2021.
https://caboverde.un.org/pt/123949-protecao-das-criancas-e-dos-adolescentes-contra-exploracao-e-abuso-sexual-uma-prioridade - U.S. Embassy- Praia official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. March 10, 2017.
- InforPress. Governo aprova Plano Nacional de Prevenção e Combate à Violência Sexual de Crianças e Adolescentes para 2021-2023. August 5, 2021.
https://inforpress.cv/governo-aprova-plano-nacional-de-prevencao-e-combate-a-violencia-sexual-de-criancas-e-adolescentes-para-2021-2023/ - Government of Cabo Verde. Resolução n.º 102/2021: Plano de Ação Nacional de Prevenção e Combate á Violência Sexual Contra Crianças e Adolescentes. November 19, 2021. Source on file.
- Pinto Machado, Isabel. Cabo Verde tem Plano contra Tráfico de Seres Humanos. As Vozes do Mundo, July 30, 2018.
http://pt.rfi.fr/cabo-verde/20180730-cabo-verde-cria-observatorio-de-monitorizacao-e-identificacao-rapida-de-situacoe - Government of Cabo Verde. Resolução n.º 101/2021: Aprova a Estratégia Nacional de Comunicação para a Prevenção e Combate á Violência Sexual. November 19, 2021. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Código de Conduta Ética do Turismo Contra a Exploração Sexual da Criança e do Adolescente. Enacted: April 2, 2014. Source on file.
- Government of Cabo Verde. I Plano Nacional de Combate ao Tráfico de Seres Humanos 2018–2021. January 2018. Source on file.
- Radio Televisao de Cabo Verde. ACRIDES promove atividades de sensibilização sobre o trabalho infantil. June 12, 2021.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUVizxEm_fA - U.S. Embassy- Praia official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 15, 2021.
- Government of Cabo Verde. Governo reforça políticas de proteção decrianças e adolescentes na Ilha do Maio. February 16, 2021.
https://www.governo.cv/governo-reforca-politicas-de-protecao-de-criancas-e-adolescentes-na-ilha-do-maio/ - Fundação Caboverdiana de Acção Social Escolar. Parceiros e FICASE engajados para uma Educação Inclusiva e de Qualidade. December 18, 2020.
https://ficase.cv/?page=noticia¬icia=_Parceiros_e_FICASE_engajados_para_uma_Educação - FICASE. Uma Doação Um Kit Escolar. 2021.
https://ficase.cv/?page=projeto&campanha=Campanha_Uma_Doação_Um_Kit_Esc
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