In February 2017, Mexico adopted constitutional labor justice reforms to establish a new labor justice system.  The reforms abolished the conciliation and arbitration boards (CABs) and created new institutions to absorb the CABs’ responsibilities, including new federal and state labor courts, local conciliation bodies, and an independent Centro Federal de Conciliación y Registro Laboral (FCCLR). On May 1, 2019, the Mexican government amended the Federal Labor Law (FLL) to enact the secondary legislation for these reforms and embarked on an ambitious four-year implementation plan.  Implementation of Mexico’s labor justice reforms unfolds against the backdrop of pending ratification of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which contains extensive labor obligations and includes labor chapter Annex 23-A, requiring Mexico to adopt and maintain enumerated concrete measures “necessary for the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining.”  Mexico faces significant challenges in establishing the new labor justice system, however, especially in the current resource-constrained environment facing government agencies under President López Obrador’s austerity measures.