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South Africa
Government Policies and Programs to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor
The Government of South Africa has been a member of ILO-IPECsince 1997.[4036] In 1999, the South African Department of Labor (SADOL) and Statistics SouthAfrica, with funding from USDOL and technical assistance from ILO-IPEC’sSIMPOC, conducted a comprehensive national survey on the nature and extent ofchild labor in South Africa.[4037] The South African Department of Labor, in cooperation with ILO-IPEC, hasdrafted a Child Labor Action Program, which calls for the removal of childrenfrom the labor force and their integration into formal education.[4038]
In 1998, the South African Department of Labor facilitatedthe establishment of a national stakeholder forum known as the Child LaborIntersectoral Group that includes participation from the government, NGOs,trade unions, employers organizations, and international agencies. The ChildLabor Intersectoral Group coordinates services provided by the government andNGOs, and raises awareness about child labor and the enforcement of child laborlaws.[4039] The Department of Welfare is a member of the Child Labor Intersectoral Groupand administers social safety net programs that help prevent children fromentering the workforce.[4040] South African Department of Labor has included moduleson child labor as part of its training initiatives for labor inspectors.[4041] The Government of South Africa created atask force and training courses for the police and judiciary on the commercialsexual exploitation of children.[4042] South Africa’s border police set up a special Trafficking Unit at theJohannesburg airport.[4043]
The Network Against Child Labor, a group of organizationsand concerned individuals, was established in 1991 and focuses on ending theeconomic labor exploitation of children through awareness raising, advocacy,policymaking, research, networking, and legal and intersectoral interventions.[4044] Several NGOs work with police child protection units to provide street childrenwith a safe, non-exploitative environment.[4045]
The Government of South Africa has sought to address issuesof inequity in its educational system by allocating more resources to the mostdeprived schools in its provinces and to predominantly black schools.[4046] In 2003, the Department of Education established an action plan to improveaccess to free and quality basic education.[4047] The National Curriculum 2005 Framework helps to bridge the gap in educationalopportunities between privileged and underprivileged children by providinglearning materials to schools in a more equitable fashion, and by standardizingthe content of training courses for teachers in all districts.[4048]
Incidence and Nature of Child Labor
In 1999, a child labor survey conducted by the StatisticsSouth Africa, in cooperation with ILO-IPEC, estimated that 36 percent ofchildren ages 5 to 17 years in South Africa were working.[4049] Child labor occurs most often in the rural agricultural sector and the informaleconomy. Children work in commercial agriculture and on subsistence farms, aswell as on small farms planting and harvesting vegetables, picking and packingfruit, and cutting flowers.[4050] Children are also found working as domestic servants in rural areas, especiallyon farms. Many of these children come from migrant populations.[4051] In urban areas, children work as street hawkers, especially around taxi standsand where public transportation is used,[4052]and as car guards.[4053] There are reports that child prostitution[4054]and sex tourism[4055]are increasing. As South Africa becomes an increasingly popular touristdestination, it has been reported that cities such as Cape Town and Durban arebecoming destinations for tourists seeking sex with minors.[4056] South Africa is a destination country and transit point for trafficking inchildren for the purpose of prostitution.[4057] Children orphaned by HIV/AIDS and children heading households are especiallyvulnerable to exploitative work and find it difficult to remain in school.[4058]
The Constitution states that every child has a right toaccess basic education.[4059] The South African Schools Act of 1996 makes school compulsory for children ages7 to15 and prohibits public schools from refusing admission to any child on thegrounds of language, learning difficulty, or race.[4060] Costs such as school fees, transportation, and school uniforms prevent somechildren from attending school.[4061] However, public schools may not refuseadmission to students who have not or are unable to pay school fees.[4062]
In 2000, the gross primary school enrollment rate was 111.5percent, and the net primary enrollment rate was 88.9 percent.[4063] The gross enrollment rate was higher for boys (114.6 percent) than for girls(108.3 percent), while the net enrollment rates for boys and girls was moreeven (89.6 percent and 88.2 percent, respectively). [4064] In 1999, 64.5 percent of children enrolled in primaryschool reached grade 5.[4065] Primary school attendance rates are unavailable for South Africa. Whileenrollment rates indicate a level of commitment to education, they do notalways reflect children’s participation in school.[4066]
Child Labor Laws and Enforcement
The Basic Conditions of Employment Act sets the minimum agefor employment at 15 years, and prohibits employment of children who are underthe legal minimum school leaving age of 15 years.[4067] For children over age 15 and no longer subject to compulsory schooling, theEmployment Act allows for the Minister of Labor to set additional prohibitionsor conditions on their employment.[4068] The maximum penalty for illegally employing a child, according to theEmployment Act, is 3 years imprisonment.[4069] The Employment Act and the Constitution prohibit all forms of forced labor.[4070] The Constitution also provides for the right of every child, defined as aperson under 18 years of age, to be protected from exploitative laborpractices. It also prohibits children from performing work or providingservices that are inappropriate for a child’s age or that put at risk a child’swell being.[4071] The Constitution also prohibits the use of children under the age of 18 inarmed conflicts.[4072]
Sexual Offences Act No. 23 of 1957establishes prostitution as a criminal offence.[4073] In 1999, theGovernment of South Africa amended the Child Care Act of 1983 to include a more comprehensive prohibition on thecommercial sexual exploitation of children than provided for under the SexualOffences Act of 1957. The Child Care Amendment Act sets a penalty of up to 10years imprisonment for the commercial sexual exploitation of a child.[4074] The Child Welfare Act wasamended to include an anti-child trafficking provision. [4075]
The Employment Act establishes SADOL as the primarygovernment entity responsible for monitoring compliance with and enforcingSouth Africa’s labor laws, including provisions on child labor. SADOLeffectively enforces the minimum age law in the formal non-agricultural sectorbut less effectively in other sectors.[4076] Child labor laws are enforced more effectively in the formalnon-agricultural sector than in other sectors.[4077]
The Government of South Africa ratified ILO Convention 138on March 30, 2000, and ratified ILO Convention 182 on June 7, 2000.[4078]
[4036] ILO-IPEC, All About IPEC: Programme Countries, [cited August 27, 2003]; available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/about/countries/t_country.htm.
[4037]ILO-IPEC initiated the program in response to a request from the SADOL. See U.S. Consulate- Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 0655, June 2000. See also Statistics South Africa 2000, Child Labor in South Africa: Tables, Surveys of Activities of Young People 1999; available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/simpoc/southafrica/report/indexpr.htm.
[4038]SADOL conducted a series of nationwide consultations on the Child Labor Action Program (CLAP) in 2003. As of early 2004, the financial implications of CLAP are being analyzed by the Treasury Department. It is expected that CLAP will be submitted to the cabinet for final approval later in 2004. See U.S. Embassy- Johannesburg Labor Attaché, electronic communication to USDOL official, February 24, 2004.
[4039]Before and after promulgating the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, the government coordinated ad hoc meetings with stakeholders involved in child labor issues. The CLIG formally developed from these ad hoc meetings. See Government of South Africa, Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: South Africa's Supplement to the Initial Country Report, January 2000, 56. SADOL convenes the CLIG, and there are 10 CLIG offices located in the provinces. See Fatima Bhyat, Meeting Notes, prepared by USDOL official, July 26, 2000.
[4040]South Africa Department of Social Services and Population Development, "Discussion Document in Relation to Child Labor in South Africa," in Network Against Child Labour (NACL): Background (Documents to be discussed at the Meeting of 17 January 2000) Johannesburg, 2000, 5-6.
[4041]In his speech, the Minister of Labor also noted that in addition to the Department of Labor, South Africa’s Departments of Education, Social Development, Justice, the South Africa Police Service, and the Office of the Rights of the Child in the Presidency, play roles in addressing child labor in the country. See The Honorable Minister of Labour Mr. M.M. Mdladlana, Speech at the Launch of the International Labour Organization's Third Global Report on a Future Without Child Labour, May 6, 2002; available from http://www.labour.gov.za/docs/sp/2002/may/06_mdladlana.htm.
[4042]U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2002: South Africa, Washington, D.C., March 31, 2003, Section 6d; available from http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/c8695.htm.
[4043]Ibid., Section 6f.
[4044]South Africa Department of Social Services and Population Development, Network Against Child Labour (NACL): Background (Documents to be discussed at the Meeting of 17 January 2000) (Johannesburg: 2000). See also Child Rights Information Network, Organizations: Network Against Child Labour, 2001 [cited August 27, 2003]; available from http://www.crin.org/organisations/viewOrg.asp?ID=715.
[4045]U.S. Consulate- Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 0655.
[4046]In 1998, the government announced new funding directives to further these goals. These included new guidelines that required education departments to dedicate 60 percent of non-personnel and non-capital recurrent expenditures to the 40 percent of schools in their provinces that were in greatest need. In 1999-2000, the estimated total expenditure totaled approximately 21 percent of the government’s total budget and 6.6 percent of GDP. See Government of South Africa- Department of Education, Education for All: The South African Assessment Report, Pretoria, March 2000, 26, 27, 32. See also U.S. Department of State, Country Reports- 2002: South Africa, Section 5.
[4047]Government of South Africa- Department of Education, Plan of Action: Improving access to free and quality basic education for all, June 14, 2003.
[4048]Government of South Africa, Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 45.
[4049]This statistic uses a broad definition of child work that includes children who work at least three hours per week in economic activities (gathering wood and/or water; performing unpaid domestic work; or performing economic activities for pay, profit, or family gain), five hours per week in school labor (performing school maintenance, cleaning, or performing school improvement activities), and seven hours for household chores (working in the family home where the child’s parent, grandparent, or spouse is present). The most common economic activity in which children are engaged is fetching wood and/or water from outside the home. See "Key Findings: The Definitions and Extent of Child Labor," in Surveys of Activities of Young People 1999; available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/simpoc/southafrica/report/page9.htm.
[4050]U.S. Consulate- Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 0655.
[4051]Ibid.
[4052]Ibid.
[4053]ILO-IPEC, HIV/AIDS and Child Labour in South Africa: A rapid assessment, Paper No. 4, March 2003.
[4054]U.S. Department of State, Country Reports- 2002: South Africa, Sections 5, 6f. See also Bhyat, Meeting Notes, July 26, 2000.
[4055]U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report- 2003: South Africa, Washington, D.C., June 11, 2003; available from http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2003/21273.htm.
[4056]Swedish International Development Agency, Looking Back, Thinking Forward: The Fourth Report on the Implementation of the Agenda for Action Adopted at the First World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Stockholm, Sweden, 28 August 1996, ECPAT International, Bangkok, 2000, Section 3.4. Children are also allegedly exploited sexually in return for the liquidation of family debts or to raise income for the family. See South Africa National Council for Child and Family Welfare, Report on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in South Africa, June 9, 2000, 11.
[4057]U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report- 2003: South Africa. See also The Protection Project, "South Africa," in Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children: A Country-by-Country Report on a Contemporary Form of Slavery, March 2002; available from http://209.190.246.239/ver2/cr/saf.pdf.
[4058]School fees and harassment served as barriers to accessing education. See ILO-IPEC, Combating Child Labour and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Paper No. 1, July 2002, 24, 26.
[4059]Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, (December 10, 1996), Chapter 2, Section 29(1)(a); available from http://www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/constitution/saconst.html?rebookmark=1. From 1948 until the abolition of apartheid and resulting change in government policy (including the passage of a new Constitution), a succession of apartheid-driven policies resulted in social inequalities along racial lines, and black South Africans particularly were deprived of opportunities to access basic social services, including education. See Government of South Africa- Department of Education, Education for All: South Africa, 6.
[4061]U.S. Consulate- Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 1245, October 2001. Many schools also continue to face significant infrastructure and other problems that have a negative impact on the quality of education. See Government of South Africa- Department of Education, Education for All: South Africa, 38-39. However, the 2003 plan of action focuses on the poorest 40% of students and seeks to remove barriers to school access in a three year span. See Government of South Africa- Department of Education, Plan of Action: Improving access to free and quality basic education for all, 2.
[4062]South African Schools Act, Chapter 2, Section 5(3)(a).
[4063]World Bank, World Development Indicators 2003 [CD-ROM], Washington, D.C., 2003.
[4064]Ibid.
[4065]Ibid.
[4066]For a more detailed discussion on the relationship between education statistics and work, see the preface to this report.
[4067]Republic of South Africa, Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997, (November 26, 1997), Sections 43(1)(a)(b), 43(3), 93; available from http://www.workinfo.com/free/Sub_for_legres/data/bcea1998.htm. See also Mdladlana Statement: Launch of the International Labour Organization's Third Global Report, 2002. The Child Care Act also prohibits the employment of children under 15 years of age. See Government of the Republic of South Africa, Child Care Act 74 of 1983, Section 52A(5), (June 15, 1983).
[4068]Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Sections 44(1), 44(2).
[4069]Ibid., Sections 43(1)(a)(b), 43(3), 44(2), 93.
[4070]Ibid., Section 48(1). In general, the Employment Act does not apply to informal work unless it constitutes forced labor. See Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 2, Section 13.
[4071]Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 2, Sections 28(3), 28(1)(e) and (f).
[4072]Ibid., Chapter 2, Section 28(1)(i), 28(3).
[4073]According to Section 14 of the Sexual Offences Act No. 23 of 1957, any person who commits or attempts to commit a sexual offense against a child under 16 years is in violation of the law unless the child is a prostitute. Sexual Offences Act, as cited in Interpol, Legislation of Interpol Member States on Sexual Offences Against Children: South Africa, [cited September 11, 2003]; available from http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaSouthAfrica.asp. Such cases, however, are generally referred by the Office of the National Director of Public Prosecutions to children’s courts where a determination is made regarding a child’s need for care and the prosecution of persons exploiting children may be pursued. See Dawie Bosch & Associates for the Department of Labour, White Paper on a National Child Labour Action Programme for South Africa (Draft), Draft 3.1, ILO-IPEC, July 2003, 9.
[4074]Child Care Amendment Act, (1999), Section 50A.
[4075]U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report- 2003: South Africa.
[4076]U.S. Department of State, Country Reports- 2002: South Africa, Section 6d.
[4077]U.S. Consulate- Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 1245.
[4078]ILO, Ratifications by Country, in ILOLEX, [database online]; available from http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/newratframeE.htm.