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Table of Contents

Executive Summary

I.     Introduction
        A.     Overview
        B.     International Standards on Child Labor
        C.     Recent International Developments on Child Labor
        D.     Initiatives to Combat Child Labor
                1.     Child Labor Law and Enforcement
                2.     Education Initiatives
                3.     Targeted Efforts to Combat Child Labor
        E.     Methodology
                1.     Public Hearings
                2.     Field Visits
                3.     Other Reports and Materials

II.    Child Labor: An Assessment of the Problem
        A.     Overview
        B.     Background
        C.     Country Data on Child Labor
        D.     Children in Hazardous Work
                1.     Agriculture
                2.     Fishing
                3.     Manufacturing
                4.     Mining and Quarrying
                5.     Services
                        a.     Domestic Workers
                        b.     Commercial Sex Workers
                        c.     Other Forms of Child Labor in the Service Sector

III.    Legislation and Enforcement Efforts
        A.     Overview
        B.     Current Child Labor Laws
                1.     Ages
                2.     Coverage
                3.     Regulation of Working Minors
                4.     Fines
        C.     Current Enforcement of Child Labor Laws
                1.     Enforcement Strategies
                2.     Obstacles to Effective Enforcement
        D.     Efforts to Strengthen Laws and Enforcement
                1.     Legislation
                2.     Implementation and Enforcement

IV.    Access to Primary Education
        A.     Overview
        B.     Education Laws and Policies
                1.     Education and Child Labor Laws
        C.     Education Data
                1.     Educational Attainment
                2.     Expenditures on Education
        D.     Factors Limiting Attainment of Primary Education
                1.     Work and Schooling
                2.     Lack of Educational Infrastructure and Services
                3.     Education in Rural Areas
                4.     Gender and Ethnicity Issues
        E.     Education Initiatives
                1.     Improvements in Educational Infrastructure and Services
                2.     Alternative Education for Working Children
                        a.     Back-to-School Programs
                        b.     Flexible Schedules
                3.     Economic Incentives
                        a.     Meals for Children
                        b.     Food Distribution to Families
                        c.     School Vouchers
                        d.     Cash Stipends

V.     Targeted Initiatives to Combat Child Labor
        A.     Overview
        B.     Industry or Sector-Specific Initiatives
                1.     Agriculture
                2.     Manufacturing and Quarrying
                3.     Services
        C.     Multi-Sector Initiatives
        D.     Summary Comments

VI.    Conclusion
        A.     Child Labor in the World
        B.     The Importance of Reliable Child Labor Data
        C.     Enactment and Enforcement of Child Labor Laws
        D.     Access to Universal Primary Education
        E.     Targeted Child Labor Initiatives
        F.     Final Comments

VII.   Appendices
           Appendix A:      Site Visits
           Appendix B:      Child Labor Data Methodology and Sources
           Appendix C:      Examples of Where Children Work
           Appendix D:      Relevant Child Labor Provisions
           Appendix E:      ILO Convention 138
           Appendix F:      UN Convention on the Rights of the Child


                      Tables and Boxes

Box I-1:         International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor
Table II-1:     Child Labor Data
Table III-1:    Minimum Ages for Work
Table IV-1:    Compulsory Education and Minimum Working Age
Table IV-2:    Educational Attainment Indicators
Table IV-3:    Educational Financial Indicators
Box V-1:        IPEC Members
Box V-2:        Raising Public Awareness of Child Labor
Table B-1:     Egypt: Census and Labor Force Sample Surveys
Table B-2:     Peru: Economically Active Children
Table D-1:     ILO Conventions

This report was produced by the staff of the International Child Labor Program and is published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs.
Acknowledgements.