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Bhutan - Child Labor

Indicators

The following indicators should be considered when conducting assessments of compliance (click on links for details):

Legal Framework

• ILO 138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (A-1)
• ILO 182 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (A-2)
• UN Convention on Rights of Child
• Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict
• Optional Protocol on Sale of Children
• Prohibition of Economic Exploitation (including Bilateral or Regional Trade Agreements) (A-4)
• Compulsory Education (A-5)
• Minimum Age for Employment (A-6)
• Prohibition of Sexual Exploitation (A-7)
• Prohibition of Child Slavery and Slavery-like Practices (A-8)
• Use of Children in Illicit Activities (A-9)
• Military Recruitment/Conscription of Minors (under 18) (A-10)
• Prohibition of Hazardous Work for Minors (under 18) (A-11)

Government Performance

• Administrative Agency Charged with Promoting Child Labor Standard B-1)
• Labor Inspectorate (B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5)
• Administrative or Judicial Complaint Mechanism (B-6, B-7)
• Government Programs to Combat Child Labor (B-8)
• Government sponsored education campaigns (B-9)
• International Technical Assistance (B-10)
• Government Support of NGO Activities (B-11)

Overall Outcomes

• Number and proportion of “economically active” children (5-17) (C-1)
• Number and proportion of children (5-17) in child labor (distinguished from ‘child work’) (C-2)
• Proportion of children engaged in household chores (C-3)
• Percentage of children working in various employment sectors (C-4)
• Number and percentages of children working in “worst forms of child labor” (C-5)
• Time worked (C-6)
• Number of children living outside their households engaged in child labor (C-7)

Associated Factors

• Labor force participation rate (D-1)
• Socioeconomic status of households with working children (D-2)
• Poverty rate (D-3)
• Adult employment rate (D-4)
• Income per capita (D-5)
• Income inequality (D-6)
• Total fertility rate (D-7)
• Life expectancy rate (D-8)
• Infant Mortality rate (D-9)
• Child Malnutrition rate (D-10)
• Adult Literacy rate (D-11)
• Expenditures on public schools (D-12)
• Net school enrollment (D-13)
• Proportion of school children repeating grades (D-14)
• Retention rates (D-15)
• Student-Teacher ratios (D-16)
• Cost of attending school (D-17)
• Access to micro credit (D-18)
• Demand for child labor (D-19)
• HIV/AIDS prevalence rate (D-20)
• Presence of armed conflict or other civil or political turmoil (D-21)

Sources

International Sources

Social Watch

Provide qualitative information related to poverty, equality, and education.

• Country reports

UN Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

Statistical tables provide quantitative data related to poverty and economic development, gender, and education.

• State of the World's Children
• Committee Assessment of Source

UN Development Program (UNDP)

Human development indicators provide quantitative data related to poverty, gender development, and education. Ratifications of core labor standard conventions are also provided. See also indicators on millenium development goals and technical notes.

• Human Development Reports
• Committee Assessment of Source

UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

The Institute for Statistics collects quantiative information on education (access and participation, resources, literacy and attainment). See also metadata for source notes and definitions.

• Education Statistics
• Committee Assessment of Source

UNICEF

Statistics section provides a snapshot of economic and social indicators (from the State of the World's Children Reports).

• Information by Country
• Committee Assessment of Source

United Nations

Includes State Party Reports and the Conclusions and Observations of UN Committees relating to the CCPR, CEDAW, CERD, CESCR, CMW, CRC.

• Treaty Body Database
• Committee Assessment of Source

World Bank

This database provides country specific information related to education.

• EdStats
• Committee Assessment of Source

This database provides gender-related information on health, labor force participation, and educational attainment by country and region.

• GenderStats
• Committee Assessment of Source

National Sources

Department of Labor, Bhutan

Potentially useful information available in English

• Department of Labor, Bhutan, website
• Committee Assessment of Source

Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan

Potentially useful information available in English

• Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan, website
• Committee Assessment of Source

Ministry of Education, Bhutan

Potentially useful information available in English

• Ministry of Education, Bhutan, website
• Committee Assessment of Source

Ministry of Finance, Bhutan

Potentially useful information available in English

• Ministry of Finance, Bhutan, website
• Committee Assessment of Source

Ministry of Labour and Human Development, Bhutan

Potentially useful information available in English

• Ministry of Labour and Human Development, Bhutan, website
• Committee Assessment of Source

Ministry of Trade and Industries, Bhutan

Potentially useful information available in English

• Ministry of Trade and Industries, Bhutan, website
• Committee Assessment of Source

U.S. Government Sources

U.S. Department of Labor

The report describes the efforts of nearly 150 countries and territories to meet their international commitments to eliminate the worst forms of child labor.

• Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor
• Committee Assessment of Source

U.S. State Department

Section 6 covers Workers' Rights, including "Status of Child Labor Practices and Minimum Age for Employment" and "Acceptable Conditions of Work

• Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
• Committee Assessment of Source

Nongovernmental Organizations

Child Rights Information Network

The information network compiles information regarding the Convention on the Rights of the Child and child rights according to theme and country. Themes include child rights, armed conflict, disability, discrimination, education, health, HIV/AIDS, juvenile justice, macroeconomics, media, sexual exploitation, UN special session on children, and violence against children

• Child Rights Information Network
• Committee Assessment of Source

Childwatch International Research Network

This NGO website compiles links to child research data and information on key institutions by region

• Key Institutions
• Committee Assessment of Source

Human Rights Watch

These reports detail the problem of child soldiers and make recommendations for solutions.

• Child Soldier Reports
• Committee Assessment of Source

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights

This database contains approximately 2,500 units of measurement on workers rights, extracted from approximately 100 public and confidential source documents including guidelines and questionnaires used by monitoring organizations, multinational corporations, and trade associations; public reports by governmental bodies and non-government organizations; public corporate reports; and others. Database provides indicators and source lists, but no specific data.

• Measurement Units for Workers Rights (MUWR), on-line database service
• Committee Assessment of Source

Social Accountability International

SA8000, a voluntary workplace standard patterned on those of the International Organization of Standardization was created in 1997 by the Council on Economic Priorities (a U.S. NGO), and is administered by another NGO, Social Accountability International (SAI).

• SA800
• Committee Assessment of Source

Solidar

Updates include news snippets on trade and labor standards, with special attention to the role of the European Union in the WTO

• International Updates
• Committee Assessment of Source

Academic and Other Research

Gleditsch, N.P., Wallensteen, P., Eriksson, M., Sollenberg, M., and Strand, H.

The Conflict Data project at Uppsala University has collected data on all conflicts with more than 25 battle-deaths, internal and external, from the end of the Cold War.

• Armed conflict 1946-2000: A new dataset. Paper presented at the Euroconference on Identifying Wars: Systemic Conflict Research and its Utility in Conflict Resolution and Prevention., Uppsala, Sweden.
• Committee Assessment of Source

Understanding Children's Work

Child labor survey information by country, age and topic. Links to data or contact information to acquire data are provided.

• Child Labor Datasets
• Committee Assessment of Source

Data are accessible by country for children's activities, health information, and working hours

• Country Statistics
• Committee Assessment of Source

Various reports are available on child-labor related topics

• Reports and Research
• Committee Assessment of Source