Table 1: The Projected Percentage of Internet Users with Broadband Access 1999 - 2003
Year: 1999
Millions of Broadband Users: 2.5
Millions of Internet Users: 58
Percent Internet Users with Broadband: 4%
Year: 2000
Millions of Broadband Users: 5.51
Millions of Internet Users: 75.75
Percent Internet Users with Broadband: 7%
Year: 2001
Millions of Broadband Users: 10.98
Millions of Internet Users: 90
Percent Internet Users with Broadband: 12%
Year: 2002
Millions of Broadband Users: 17.77
Millions of Internet Users: 103.88
Percent Internet Users with Broadband: 17%
Year: 2003
Millions of Broadband Users: 25.09
Millions of Internet Users: 118.25
Percent Internet Users with Broadband: 21%
These projections could increase substantially if American businesses decide to
promote telework options for large numbers of their employees.
Workers Who Worked At Home: 1960 -1990
Approximately 4600 (Number in thousands):
Year: 1960
Approximately 2750 (Number in thousands):
Year: 1970
Approximately 2200 (Number in thousands):
Year: 1980
Approximately 3500 (Number in thousands):
Year: 1990
Table 1: Days Teleworking Per Week
Number of Days: 1
Percentage of Teleworkers: 30%
Number of Days: 2
Percentage of Teleworkers: 17%
Number of Days: 3
Percentage of Teleworkers: 12%
Number of Days: 4
Percentage of Teleworkers: 5%
Number of Days: 5
Percentage of Teleworkers: 17%
Number of Days: 6
Percentage of Teleworkers: 7%
Number of Days: 7
Percentage of Teleworkers: 10%
Education Level - Teleworkers and the General Working Popultion
Not HS Grad
Teleworkers: Approximately 2%
General Working Population: Approximately 6%
HS Grad
Teleworkers: Approximately 13%
General Working Population: Approximately 26%
Some College
Teleworkers: Approximately 18%
General Working Population: Approximately 25%
Colege Grad
Teleworkers: Approximately 30%
General Working Population: Approximately 29%
Post Grad
Teleworkers: Approximately 22%
General Working Population: Approximately 15%
Occupation of Teleworkers, General Working Population
Profess.
Teleworkers: Approximately 35%
General Working Population: Approximately 34%
Managerial
Teleworkers: Approximately 11%
General Working Population: Approximately 12%
Service
Teleworkers: Approximately 11%
General Working Population: Approximately 16%
Manufacturing
Teleworkers: Approximately 4%
General Working Population: Approximately 9%
Technic.
Teleworkers: Approximately 12%
General Working Population: Approximately 10%
Clerical/Sales
Teleworkers: Approximately 13%
General Working Population: Approximately 11%
Agric.
Teleworkers: Approximately 4%
General Working Population: Approximately 5%
Other
Teleworkers: Approximately 9%
General Working Population: Approximately 10%
Industry: Mining (oil & gas)
n size: 22
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 46
Considering Telework (% of industry): 22
Industry: Construction
n size: 10
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 14
Considering Telework (% of industry): 29
Industry: Manufacturing
n size: 33
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 17
Considering Telework (% of industry): 28
Industry: Transportation
n size: 10
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 26
Considering Telework (% of industry): 26
Industry: Wholesale
n size: 10
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 51
Considering Telework (% of industry): 44
Industry: Retail
n size: 7
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 0
Considering Telework (% of industry): 0
Industry: Finance, insurance, real estate
n size: 13
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 25
Considering Telework (% of industry): 8
Industry: Services
n size: 56
Currently has Telework (% of industry): 37
Considering Telework (% of industry): 37
Table 1 Short-Term and Long-Term Recommendations
Van Horn/Storen recommendations:
Short-Term Recommendation:
Who Are Teleworkers?
What are Effective Digital Management Strategies?
What Changes Are Necessary in Education?
Long-Term Recommendation:
Can Telework Bridge the Digital Divide?
Impact of Telework and Travel Behavior
What are the Effects of Tax Incentives?
Lewis recommendations
Short-Term Recommendation:
Inconsistent DSL and other technological capabilities
Clarify Advantages of Telework
Define Measurable Goals and Objectives
Long-Term Recommendation:
Mainstreaming Telework as a Work Option
Appropriate Share of Telework to Traditional Employment
Formal vs. Informal Telework Arrangements
Growth of Telework at AT&T
Year: 1992
% Managers Teleworking more than once a week: 9
% Managers Teleworking more than once a month: 16
Year: 1993
% Managers Teleworking more than once a week: 10
% Managers Teleworking more than once a month: 17
Year: 1994
% Managers Teleworking more than once a week: 15
% Managers Teleworking more than once a month: 25
Year: 1995
% Managers Teleworking more than once a week: 14
% Managers Teleworking more than once a month: 25
Year: 1996
% Managers Teleworking more than once a week: 29
% Managers Teleworking more than once a month: 55
Year: 1997
% Managers Teleworking more than once a week: 30
% Managers Teleworking more than once a month: 55
Table 1: Typology of Teleworkers (a)
Home worker - Works at home only:
Information workers 59% (b)
Non- information service workers 13% (c)
55 Non- information production workers d 28% (d)
Home telecommuter - Works at home and at one other non-telecenter workplace
location only:
Information workers 59% (b)
Telecenter telecommuter - Works at a telecenter and at one other non-home
workplace location only:
Information workers 59% (b)
Telecenter worker - Works at a telecenter only:
Information workers 59% (b)
Home-based mobile worker - Works at home and at two or more non-home workplaces
or in the field:
Information workers 59% (b)
Non- information service workers 13% (c)
55 Non- information production workers d 28% (d)
Non-home-based mobile worker - Does not work at home. Works at two or more
non-home, non-telecenter workplaces or in the field:
Information workers 59% (b)
Non- information service workers 13% (c)
55 Non- information production workers d 28% (d)
"Traditional" worker (all other workers) - Works at only one
non-home, non-telecenter workplace location:
Information workers 59% (b)
Non- information service workers 13% (c)
55 Non- information production workers d 28% (d)
Source: Adapted from Helling, Amy and Mokhtarian, Patricia. “Changing
Worker Telecommunication and Mobility: Conse-quences for Planning,” under
review by the Journal of Planning Literature.
(a) All these work arrangements may be full-time or part-time, and time spent
at the various workplaces is unspecified. Workers may be employees of others or
self-employed.
(b) Such as lawyers, teachers, financial analysts, data processing technicians.
Percentage calculated for managerial and profes-sional specialty, technical
sales and administrative support occupations. (Newburger 1999)
(c) Such as nurses, barbers, retail cashiers, daycare workers, security guards.
Percentage calculated for service occupations. (Newburger 1999)
(d) Such as agricultural workers, construction workers, manufacturing workers.
Percentage calculated for precision production, craft, and repair, operators,
fabricators, farming, forestry and fishing occupations. (Newburger 1999)
Table 2:Operational Definitions and 1995 Estimates of Teleworkers by Type
Home worker - Workers who give their primary workplace location as "at
or out of home," and drive less than 10 miles on a given day as part of
work.
U.S. Total (b): 7,497,936
Percent: 5.7%
Regular home telecommuter (at least 8 hours every 2 weeks) - Workers who give a
non-home primary workplace and report that they have worked at home instead of
traveling to their usual workplace 2-4 times in the past two months.
U.S. Total (b): 11,642,867
Percent: 8.8%
Telecenter telecommuter (c) - Cannot be distinguished from
"traditional" workers using the 1995 NPTS.
U.S. Total (b): --
Percent: --
Telecenter worker - Cannot be distinguished from "traditional"
workers using the 1995 NPTS.
U.S. Total (b): --
Percent: --
Home-based mobile worker - Workers who give their primary workplace location as
"at or out of home," and drive more than 10 miles on a given day as
part of work.
U.S. Total (b): 166,462
Percent: 0.1%
Non-home-based mobile worker - All workers who report they have "no fixed
(primary) workplace."
U.S. Total (b): 2,811,337
Percent: 2.1%
"Traditional" worker (all other workers) - Workers who give a
non-home primary workplace and report that they worked at home instead of
traveling to their usual workplace fewer than twice in the past two months..
U.S. Total (b): 108,622,970
Percent: 82.5%
Total 1995 teleworkers and traditional workers represented by NPTS responses
(d)
U.S. Total (b): 130,745,572
Percent: 99.3%
TOTAL 1995 WORKERS
U.S. Total (b): 131,697,367
Percent: 100.0%
Source: Eash, 2000, and the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.
(a) Types defined in Table 1 are estimated here based on workplace location,
frequency of work at home and work-related travel behavior from the 1995 NPTS.
(b) Responses to the 1995 NPTS have been expanded to national estimates based
on their sample weights.
(c) Probably a very small number of workers.
N (unweighted)
Home workers: 2,863
Regular home telecommuters: 4,727
Home-based mobile workers: 62
Non-home-based mobile workers: 1,023
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 42,853
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 51,928
Expanded estimate for the U.S.
Home workers: 7,497,936
Regular home telecommuters: 11,642,867
Home-based mobile workers: 166,462
Non-home-based mobile workers: 2,811,337
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 108,622,970
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a):131,697,367
Percent of all workers
Home workers: 5.7%
Regular home telecommuters: 8.8%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.1%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 2.1%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 82.5%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 100.0%
Males
Home workers: 57.1%
Regular home telecommuters: 57.5%
Home-based mobile workers: 79.3%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 64.8%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 53.0%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 54.0%
Females
Home workers: 42.9%
Regular home telecommuters: 42.5%
Home-based mobile workers: 20.7%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 35.2%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 47.0%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 46.0%
Aged 16-24
Home workers: 5.8%
Regular home telecommuters: 6.2%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.1%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 17.6%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 16.6%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 15.0%
Aged 25-34
Home workers: 20.8%
Regular home telecommuters: 27.1%
Home-based mobile workers: 33.1%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 27.6%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 27.7%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 27.3%
Aged 35-44
Home workers: 31.5%
Regular home telecommuters: 31.8%
Home-based mobile workers: 24.7%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 24.1%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 36.5%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 27.2%
Aged 45-54
Home workers: 22.3%
Regular home telecommuters: 22.2%
Home-based mobile workers: 16.9%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 17.1%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 18.9%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 19.3%
Aged 55-64
Home workers: 12.2%
Regular home telecommuters: 9.1%
Home-based mobile workers: 21.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 9.4%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 8.0%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 8.4%
Aged 65 or older
Home workers: 7.4%
Regular home telecommuters: 3.6%
Home-based mobile workers: 4.2%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 4.2%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 2.3%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 2.8%
No answer or under 16
Home workers: 0.0%
Regular home telecommuters: 0.0%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 0.0%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 0.0%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 0.0%
Hispanic
Home workers: 6.2%
Regular home telecommuters: 7.6%
Home-based mobile workers: 5.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 12.5%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 9.7%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 9.4%
Not Hispanic
Home workers: 93.4%
Regular home telecommuters: 92.1%
Home-based mobile workers: 95.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 87.2%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 90.1%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 90.4%
No answer
Home workers: 0.4%
Regular home telecommuters: 0.3%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 0.3%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 0.2%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 0.2%
White
Home workers: 87.7%
Regular home telecommuters: 85.3%
Home-based mobile workers: 64.9%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 79.5%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 77.3%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 78.7%
Black or African-American
Home workers: 4.7%
Regular home telecommuters: 6.9%
Home-based mobile workers: 26.2%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 10.6%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 12.2%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 11.3%
Asian
Home workers: 1.5%
Regular home telecommuters: 2.2%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 2.4%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 2.4%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 2.3%
Other race
Home workers: 4.2%
Regular home telecommuters: 4.3%
Home-based mobile workers: 9.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 6.3%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 6.8%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 6.5%
No answer
Home workers: 1.8%
Regular home telecommuters: 1.3%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 1.1%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 1.2%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 1.3%
Household income < $25,000
Home workers: 20.8%
Regular home telecommuters: 12.8%
Home-based mobile workers: 10.9%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 23.3%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 17.7%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 17.6%
HH income $25,000 - $49,999
Home workers: 33.9%
Regular home telecommuters: 30.0%
Home-based mobile workers: 40.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 32.6%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 37.5%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 36.5%
HH income $50,000 - $74,999
Home workers: 14.6%
Regular home telecommuters: 19.8%
Home-based mobile workers: 28.2%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 12.2%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 17.4%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 17.3%
HH income $75,000 - $99,999
Home workers: 7.5%
Regular home telecommuters: 12.5%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.1%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 6.9%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 7.6%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 8.0%
Household income > $100,000
Home workers: 6.7%
Regular home telecommuters: 11.3%
Home-based mobile workers: 3.6%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 2.5%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 4.6%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 5.3%
No answer
Home workers: 16.4%
Regular home telecommuters: 13.7%
Home-based mobile workers: 17.1%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 22.5%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 15.1%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 15.4%
Did not graduate from high school
Home workers: 8.7%
Regular home telecommuters: 4.0%
Home-based mobile workers: 9.5%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 14.5%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 9.7%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 9.2%
Graduated from high school
Home workers: 29.9%
Regular home telecommuters: 19.5%
Home-based mobile workers: 23.7%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 37.8%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 33.4%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 31.9%
Some post-high school education-
Home workers: 27.9%
Regular home telecommuters: 24.4%
Home-based mobile workers: 25.6%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 23.6%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 29.0%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 28.3%
Graduated from college
Home workers: 20.9%
Regular home telecommuters: 26.7%
Home-based mobile workers: 9.3%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 15.0%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 17.2%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 18.1%
Some grad school or a grad degree
Home workers: 11.9%
Regular home telecommuters: 25.1%
Home-based mobile workers: 31.8%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 7.8%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 10.4%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 11.8%
No answer
Home workers: 0.7%
Regular home telecommuters: 0.2%
Home-based mobile workers: 0.0%
Non-home-based mobile workers: 1.4%
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 0.3%
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 0.6%
Mean household size (S.D.)
Home workers: 3.02 (1.42)
Regular home telecommuters: 3.00 (1.39)
Home-based mobile workers: 2.87 (1.46)
Non-home-based mobile workers: 3.22 (1.44)
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 3.13 (1.40)
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 3.11 (1.41)
Mean workers in household (S.D.)
Home workers: 1.90 (0.77)
Regular home telecommuters: 1.88 (0.74)
Home-based mobile workers: 1.77 (0.59)
Non-home-based mobile workers: 2.05 (0.95)
"Traditional" workers (all other workers): 2.01 (0.85)
All workers responding to 1995 NPTS (a): 1.99 (0.84)
Source: 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.
(a) Excludes 400 respondents who were workers, but could not be classified as
teleworkers or "traditional" workers because they did not answer
questions about their work location or frequency of work from home.
Table 1 Typical Telework Occupations
Professional & Management Specialists:
accountant
actuary
advertiser
architect
author
consultant
economist
financial analyst
lawyer
manager
psychologist
scientist
stock broker
statistician trainer
Professional Support Workers:
bookkeeper
indexer
proof-reader
researcher
translator
writer
“Itinerant”Field Workers
auditor
inspector
insurance
journalist
marketing
realtor
sales person
Information Technology Specialists
data analyst
designer
engineer
graphic artist
programmer
systems analyst
technician
Clerical and Administrative Staff
claims processor
customer service
data coder
data entry staff
program admin.
purchaser
secretary
word processor
Table 1 - Current Population Survey of Home-based Workers with and without Disabilities
Percent of workers doing:
Any home-based work for pay
With disabilities 1991: 9.2%
With disabilities 1992: 15.1%
Without disabilities 1991: 6.6%
Without disabilities 1992: 9.8%
8+ hrs./week
With disabilities 1991: 5.1%
With disabilities 1992: 6.6%
Without disabilities 1991: 3.4%
Without disabilities 1992: 4.6%
20+ hrs./week
With disabilities 1991: 3.9%
With disabilities 1992: 4.1%
Without disabilities 1991: 2.0%
Without disabilities 1992: 2.8%
Percent doing any paid home-based work if in:
Private sector
With disabilities 1991: 2.1%
With disabilities 1992: 5.7%
Without disabilities 1991: 1.8%
Without disabilities 1992: 4.9%
Government
With disabilities 1991: 0.2%
With disabilities 1992: 6.9%
Without disabilities 1991: 1.4%
Without disabilities 1992: 5.6%
Self-employment
With disabilities 1991: 51.0%
With disabilities 1992: 63.5%
Without disabilities 1991: 49.5%
Without disabilities 1992: 52.6%
Establishing Communication: 3.9--4.0
Maintaining Communication: 3.6--3.8
Gathering Info.: 4.7--4.9
Disseminating Info.:4.2--4.5
Decision Making: 3.6--4.0
Efficiency: 4.6--4.8
Establishing Communication: 3.8--4.1
Maintaining Communication: 3.9--3.9
Gathering Info.: 4.2--5.0
Disseminating Info.: 4.4--4.0
Decision Making: 3.4--4.0
Efficiency: 4.3--4.5
Analogue dial-up
THRU 1999: 66.7%
BY 2001: 50%
ISDN
THRU 1999: 66.7%
BY 2001: 22.5%
Direct Connection
THRU 1999: 54.8%
BY 2001: 9.8%
Internet
THRU 1999: 46.3%
BY 2001: 32.5%
Frame Relay
THRU 1999: 22.5%
BY 2001: 17.5%
Cable
THRU 1999: 10.0%
BY 2001: 40.0%
ADSL/HDSL
THRU 1999: 4.9%
BY 2001: 42.5%
Other
THRU 1999: 0.0%
BY 2001: 0.0%
Table 1. Employed parents with children 8-18: Background demographics
EMPLOYED MOTHERS EMPLOYED FATHERS
Family Type:
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=36)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=135)
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=39)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=136)
Couple
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 58%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 69%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 87%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 93%
Single
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 42%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 31%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 13%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 7%
Employed spouse
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=20)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=93)
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=34)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=126)
Yes
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 95%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 99%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 71%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 76%
No
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 5%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 1%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 30%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 24%
Number of children in the household
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=35)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=136)
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=39)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=136)
One
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 43%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 48%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 39%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 40%
Two
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 37%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 32%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 31%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 32%
Three
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 11%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 15%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 23%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 24%
Four or more
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 9%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 4%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 8%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 4%
Age of youngest child
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=35)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=136)
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=39)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=136)
0-2 years
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 3%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 3%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 3%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 6%
3-5
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 14%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 7%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 3%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 7%
Family Type: 6-9
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 14%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 15%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 33%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 21%
Family Type: 10-13
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 29%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 37%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 18%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 38%
14+
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 40%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 39%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 44%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 29%
Household income
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=35)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=134)
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=37)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=133)
$25,000 or less
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 26%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 27%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 11%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 11%
$25,001 - $50,000
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 40%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 43%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 43%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 41%
$50,001 - $75,000
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 26%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 17%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 27%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 31%
Over $75,000.
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 9%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 13%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 19%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 17%
Economic security
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=35)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=134)
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=39)
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=136)
I have a hard time buying the things my family needs
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 20%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 16%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 15%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 10%
I have just enough money for the things my family needs
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 37%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 49%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 33%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 41%
I have no problem buying the things my family needs and we can also buy special
things
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 43%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 36%
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): 51%
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): 49%
Table 2. Children in grades 7-12: Views of spillover among mothers and fathers
Percent saying very often, often, or sometimes
My mother does not have energy to do things with me because of her job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=136)
38%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=305) 40%
My mother has more energy to do things with me because of her job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=131)
31%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=303) 28%
My mother has not been in a good mood with me because of her job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=137)
35%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=305) 35%
My mother has been in a good mood with me because of her job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=131)
49%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=303) 51%
My father does not have energy to do things with me because of his job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=118)
40%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=302) 29%
My father has more energy to do things with me because of his job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=117)
29%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=299) 38%
My father has not been in a good mood with me because of his job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=119)
39%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=299) 28%
My father has been in a good mood with me because of his job
Parent works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size): (n=119)
50%
Parent works outside of the home Percentage (sample size): (n=297) 54%
Significance: **p<.01, ***p<.001
Table 3. Employed parents with children 8-18: Work interference
EMPLOYED MOTHERS
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size)
Think about work when you were with your child: (n=36) 56%
Sig: ---
Worry about work when you were with your child: (n=35) 46%
Sig: ***
Have your child wait to be with you because of your work: (n=36) 61%
Sig: ***
Get interrupted by the demands of work when you were with your child: (n=35)
34%
Sig: ***
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size)
Think about work when you were with your child: (n=135) 42%
Worry about work when you were with your child: (n=136) 18%
Have your child wait to be with you because of your work: (n=136) 30%
Get interrupted by the demands of work when you were with your child: (n=135)
13%
EMPLOYED FATHERS
Works at home all or part of the time Percentage (sample size)
Think about work when you were with your child: (n=39) 62%
Sig: ***
Worry about work when you were with your child: (n=40) 55%
Sig: ***
Have your child wait to be with you because of your work: (n=39) 59%
Sig: ---
Get interrupted by the demands of work when you were with your child: (n=39)
31%
Sig: **
Works outside of the home Percentage (sample size)
Think about work when you were with your child: (n=135) 39%
Worry about work when you were with your child: (n=136) 25%
Have your child wait to be with you because of your work: (n=135) 32%
Get interrupted by the demands of work when you were with your child: (n=136)
13%
Significance: *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001
Table 4. Children in grades 7-12: Views of work interference among mothers and fathers
Parent works at home all or part of the time
Percent saying very often, often, or sometimes
My mother thinks about work when she is with me (n=136) 31%
My mother worries about work when she is with me (n=136) 28%
I have to wait to be with my mother because of work (n=136) 31%
My mother's work interrupts her when she is with me (n=136) 14%
My father thinks about work when he is with me (n=118) 51% : Significance:
p<.001
My father worries about work when he is with me (n=119) 41%: Significance:
p<.001
I have to wait to be with my father because of work (n=118) 45%: Significance:
p<.01
My father's work interrupts him when he is with me (n=119) 25%: Significance:
p<.001
Parent works outside of the home
Percent saying very often, often, or sometimes
My mother thinks about work when she is with me (n=306) 34%
My mother worries about work when she is with me (n=304) 23%
I have to wait to be with my mother because of work (n=304) 34%
My mother's work interrupts her when she is with me (n=304) 15%
My father thinks about work when he is with me (n=306) 27%: Significance:
p<.001
My father worries about work when he is with me (n=304) 17%: Significance:
p<.001
I have to wait to be with my father because of work (n=303) 34%: Significance:
p<.01
My father's work interrupts him when he is with me (n=302) 15%: Significance:
p<.001