Appendix B: Footnotes
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1. As adopted by the 13th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 1982. 2. Child Labor Surveys: Results of Methodological Experiments in Four Countries 1992-93 (Geneva: ILO, 1996) 67-70. 3. Countries where national child labor surveys have been completed or are nearing completion are Bangladesh (1995-96), Cambodia (1995-96), Costa Rica (by the end of 1998), Kenya (early 1999), Nepal (1995-96), Pakistan (1996), the Philippines (1995), Senegal (1992-93), Sri Lanka (early 1999), Turkey (1994), West Bank and Gaza (early 1999). Regional surveys have been completed in Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Thailand. 4. In addition to many countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, the ILO is collaborating with European countries such as Armenia, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, and Spain on specialized child labor surveys. Electronic correspondence from Kebebew Ashagrie, Director, Bureau of Statistics, ILO, to U.S. Department of Labor official (December 14, 1998). 5. According to an ILO/Bureau of Statistics 1992-93 investigation, only 44 out of 201 countries surveyed had useful statistics on economically active children, and only five classified data in a separate five to nine year-old age range. "Statistics on Child Labour: A Brief Report," Bulletin of Labour Statistics (Geneva: ILO, vol. 3, 1993) xi-xvii [hereinafter "Statistics on Child Labour: A Brief Report"]. 6. "Statistics on Child Labour: A Brief Report" at xvi. 7. Economically Active Population 1950-2010, Fourth edition (Geneva: ILO, 1996) Volumes II-V. 8. For example, a 1995 household survey in Brazil found 3.6 million economically active children (10-14), while the EAP estimated only 2.8 million for the same year. In Nepal, a 1994 ILO-sponsored child labor survey found 2.6 million child workers, including 1.7 million in the 10 to 14 age group. The EAP estimate for 1995 was only 1.2 million. Ibid. at Vol. III, 102; Vol. I, 93. 9. Volume VI of the EAP (Methodological Supplement) will contain a detailed description of the sources and statistical methods used to produce the specific estimates and projections. It was not yet published at the time of this report. 10. See Ahmed Abdalla et al., Child Labor in Egypt (Cairo: Al-Jeel Center for Youth & Social Studies, 1996) 57. 11. U.S. Embassy-Cairo, unclassified telegram no. 05996, June 6, 1996. See also "Egypt Vows to Curb Child Labor," United Press International (October 26, 1995). 12. María Eugenia Villareal and Carlos Paralta Chapetón, Trabajo infantil: concepción y realidad (Guatemala City: Program of Support for Maternal and Child Health, 1997) 48. 13. Ibid. at 49. 14. D.P. Chaudhri, A Dynamic Profile of Child Labour in India, cited in UNICEF press release "Child Labour in India" (New Delhi: UNICEF Information Service, 1996) 1-2 [hereinafter UNICEF press release]. 15. Manjari Dingwaney, Children of Darkness (New Delhi: New Age Printing Press, 1988) 4. 16. UNICEF press release at 1. 17. Ingrid Mendonca, "Child Labour in India: Promises to Keep," FRCH Newsletter (Mumbai: Foundation for Research in Community Health, vol. VI, no. 5, September-October 1992) 2. 18. U.S. Embassy-New Delhi, unclassified telegram no. 01401, February 20, 1998. 19. The question used to determine if a person was to be counted as employed was "What was X mainly doing during the last seven days preceding the census night?" See Sources and Methods--Labour Statistics Volume 5: Total and Economically Active Population, Employment and Unemployment (Population Censuses) (Geneva: ILO, Second edition 1996) 41 [hereinafter Sources and Methods]. 20. Campaign Against Child Labour (Nairobi: Kenyan Central Organization of Trade Unions [COTU], May 1, 1998) 2. 21. Mexico (Cartagena: Sistema Regional de Información Sobre Trabajo Infantil--ILO/IPEC, 1997) 11. Estimate calculated using 1996 12-14 population reported in Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1997 (Geneva: ILO, 1997) 15. 22. Hector León, "The Convention on the Rights of the Child and Child Labor," in El trabajo infantil en México, (Veracruz: ILO, UNICEF, and the University of Veracruz, 1996) 6. 23. Nicaragua (Cartagena: Sistema Regional de Información Sobre Trabajo Infantil--ILO/IPEC, 1997) 19. 24. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1997 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State, 1998) 601. 25. Summary Results of Child Labor Survey in Pakistan (Islamabad: Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Labour, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, ILO/IPEC, October 9, 1996) 11. 26. Telephone interview with Kebebew Ashagrie, Director, Bureau of Statistics, ILO, by U.S. Department of Labor official (September 8, 1998). 27. Discover the Working Child, it's a beginning--the situation of Child Labor in Pakistan (Islamabad: UNICEF--Pakistan and the National Commission for Child Welfare & Development, Special Education & Social Welfare Division, Government of Pakistan, 1990) 7. 28. Moazam Mahmood, Muhammad Javaid Khan Tariq, and Ajmal Baig, Why Children Do Not Go to School in Pakistan--Some Estimates and a Theoretical Framework (Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 1994) 8-9. 29. See Situacion de la Niñez y la Adolescencia en el Perú (Lima: Grupo de Iniciativa Nacional por los Derechos del niños, September 1997) 25 [hereinafter Situacion de la niñez]; and Estudio de niños y adolescentes trabajadores a nivel nacional 1998 (Lima: Ministry of Labor and Social Promotion, 1998) A. 30. Ibid. 31. Statistics exclude data from Zanzibar. See Child Labour in Tanzania (Geneva: ILO, 1992) 32. 32. The 1980 census, however, used a minimum age of 11 years old for inclusion in the economically active population. See Sources and Methods at 71. 33. S. Sinha, Collection and Dissemination of Data on Child Labour in Asia (Bangkok: ILO/IPEC, 1998) 80-82 [draft on file]. 34. Ibid. at Table 1, 153.
This report was produced by the staff of the International Child Labor Program and is published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs.
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