Footnotes to The Introduction Page

¹ International Child Labor Hearing, U.S. Department of Labor (April 12, 1994) (Statement of the International Labor Organization).

² 34th Meeting of the ICFTU/ITS Working Group on Young Workers' Questions (Lisbon: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, September 21-25, 1993) [on file].

³ Child Labor: A Briefing Manual (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1986) 12.

⁴ Juan Carlos Bossio, "Child Labor in Latin America and the World (Scope, Causes, Problems, Tendencies)," in Regional Tri-Partisan Latin American Seminar on The Abolition of Child Labor and Protection of Working Children, ILO and Ministry of Labor and Human Resources of Ecuador, PIACT/1991/2 (May, 1991) 3 [Translation of Spanish Text, on file] [hereinafter Regional Latin American Seminar].

⁵ Id.

⁶ Alec Fyfe, Child Labor (Polity Press, Oxford, 1989) 3 [hereinafter Fyfe].

⁷ Fyfe at 3.

⁸ Sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography: Report submitted by Mr. Vitit Muntarbhorn, Special Rapporteur, U.N. Commission on Human Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1994/84, January 1994, p.20.

⁹ Interview with Sarah Christie, University of Cape Town, South Africa, by U.S. Department of Labor official (June 9, 1994).

¹⁰ African Regional Tripartite Workshop on Measures to Combat Child Labor (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1989) 2.

¹¹ Regional Latin American Seminar at 7.

¹² Still so far to go: Child labour in the world today (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1989) 13-14.

¹³ Cited in Elena Ramos Tenorio, "El Trabajo infantil en empresas, microempresas y hogares en el Peru," in El Trabajo infantil en el Peru (ILO, 1993), 28.

¹⁴ Information obtained from an ongoing Working Paper on Small-Scale Mining, International Labor Organization, Industrial Activities Branch [on file].

¹⁵ Cited in "Life and death of children working in Peruvian gold mines," in International Children's Rights Monitor, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1992), pp. 8-10.

¹⁶ Testimony of Dorka Nohemi Diaz Lopez, U.S. House Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations Hearing, Wilkes-Barre, PA (June 7, 1994).

¹⁷ General Survey of the Reports relating to Convention 138 and Recommendation No. 146 concerning Minimum Age, Report III (Part 4 B)(Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1981) 73.

¹⁸ International Child Labor Hearings, U.S. Department of Labor (April 12, 1994)(Statement of the International Labor Organization).

¹⁹ Cindy Forster, "On the backs of Women: Organizing the Maquila factories," in Report on Guatemala (National Office in Solidarity with the People of Guatemala, Spring 1991) 6.

²⁰ "Worker Rights in Export Processing Zones,"in Foreign Labor Trends (U.S. Department of Labor, 1990) 16. See also Out of the Equation: Children and North American Economic Integration (Philadelphia: Defense for Children International-USA November 1993) 1-2.

²¹ Interview with Frank Larue, Center for Human Rights Legal Action by U.S. Department of Labor official (March 18, 1994).

²² Roger Sawyer, Children Enslaved (New York: Routledge Press, 1988) 139.

²³ Id. at 139.

²⁴ General Survey of the Reports relating to Convention 138 and Recommendation No. 146 concerning Minimum Age, Report III (Part 4 B)(Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1981) 115.

²⁵ Id. at 117.

²⁶ Michel Bonnet, "Child Labor in Africa," International Labor Review, Vol. 132, No. 3 (1993) 386 [hereinafter Bonnet].

²⁷ Child Labor in Tanzania, (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1992) 12.

²⁸ Interview with Khairy Hashem, Arab Labor Organization, by U.S. Department of Labor official (Cairo, May 1994).

²⁹ IPEC: Reflections on the Past, Pointers to the Future (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1994) 33.

³⁰ Fyfe at 75.

³¹ Id.

³² Id. at 76.

³³ Id. at 77.

³⁴ Discover the Working Child: The Situation of Child Labor in Pakistan (Islamabad: UNICEF, 1990) 16.

³⁵ International Child Labor Hearing, U.S. Department of Labor (April 12, 1994)(Statement of Human Rights Watch/Asia).

³⁶ Bonded Labor in Nepal: Under Kamaiya System (Kathmandu: Informal Sector Service Center (INSEC), 1992) 43.

³⁷ J. Carson, Young's Town: Prison Camp and Slave Dungeon for Child Workers (Manila: Kamalayan Development Center, Inc., vol. I, no. 1, July 1993) 1.

³⁸ A Childhood Abducted: Children Cutting Sugar Cane in the Dominican Republic (New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, May 1991).

³⁹ Regional Latin American Seminar at 10.

⁴⁰ International Child Labor Hearing, U.S. Department of Labor (April 12, 1994) (Statement of Dr. A.K. Abdul Momen, Women and Children International).

⁴¹ Fyfe at 122.

⁴² Fyfe at 124.

⁴³ Regional Latin American Seminar at 64.

⁴⁴ V. Colbert de Arboleda, James R. Himes, and Emilio García Méndez, Child Labor and Basic Education in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Proposed UNICEF Initiative, Innocenti Essays No. 6, UNICEF and International Child Development Center (May 1994) 3 [hereinafter UNICEF Initiative].

⁴⁵ Minoli de Soysa, "Sri Lanka Fights Child Labor With Stricter Laws," Reuters (April 1, 1993).

⁴⁶ International Child Labor Hearing, U.S. Department of Labor (April 12, 1994) (Statement of International Confederation of Free Trade Unions). See generally Myron Weiner, The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991). See also UNICEF Initiative.

⁴⁷ IPEC: Reflections on the Past, Pointers to the Future (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1994) 34.

⁴⁸ International Child Labor Hearing, U.S. Department of Labor (April 12, 1994) (Statement of Professor Myron Weiner).

⁴⁹ Adel Azer and Nahed Ramzy, Child Labor in Egypt, (Egypt: UNICEF and the National Center for Social and Criminological Research (NCSCR), 1990).

⁵⁰ Regional Latin American Seminar at 71.

⁵¹ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993 (U.S. Department of State, February 1994) 1397.

⁵² Bonnet at 377.

⁵³ UNICEF Initiative at 23.

⁵⁴ Irandi Pereira and Raquel Licursi Benedeti Rosa, Child Labor in the Footwear Industry in Franca (informal translation of Portuguese version), (ILO-IPEC, 1993) 22.

⁵⁵ International Child Labor Hearing, U.S. Department of Labor (April 12, 1994) (Statement of Omar Noman, Senior Research Economist, Oxford University).

⁵⁶ Bonnet at 377.