In 1999, a child labor survey conducted by the South Africa Statistical Agency in cooperation with the International Labor Organization’s International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (ILO-IPEC) estimated that 36 percent of children between the ages of 5 and 17 in South Africa were working. 1597 Working children are more prevalent in rural areas and in the agricultural sector than in urban areas. A higher proportion of children in rural areas worked (63.5 percent) than children living on commercial farms (47.5 percent), in informal urban areas (41.5 percent), and in formal urban areas (23.4 percent).¹⁵⁹⁸ Around 59 percent of working children in South Africa work for at least three hours per week in the agricultural sector, while roughly 33 percent worked in trade-related activities for three or more hours per week.¹⁵⁹⁹ Within the agricultural sector, working children are more prevalent on subsistence farms than on commercial farms.¹⁶⁰⁰

Child labor in commercial agriculture is most visible in the Western Cape, Free State, Mpumalanga, and the Northern Province.¹⁶⁰¹ Children can be found particularly on smaller, labor-intensive farms planting and harvesting vegetables, picking and packing fruit, and cutting flowers.¹⁶⁰² Some children working on commercial farms are children of adult farm workers while others are from neighboring villages or townships.¹⁶⁰³ They are often not employed directly by farmers but assist their parents, who are paid on a piece-work basis.¹⁶⁰⁴

Children often work as domestic servants. This practice appears to be especially prevalent on farms, in rural areas, and among children from migrant populations.¹⁶⁰⁵ There are also reports of children working in coal yards.¹⁶⁰⁶

1597 This statistic includes children who work at least three hours per week in economic activities (fetching wood and/or water, unpaid domestic work, or economic activities for pay, profit, or family gain), five hours per week in school labor (school maintenance, cleaning or school improvement activities), and seven hours for household chores (work in the family home, where the child’s parent, grandparent or spouse is present). Statistics South Africa, Child Labor in South Africa: Surveys of Activities of Young People 1999 (Draft), tables [hereinafter Surveys of Activities of Young People 1999 ] http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/simpoc/southafrica/report/ index.htm on 12/18/01.

The incidence of child labor varies amongst children from the four main racial categories recognized in South Africa: “African,” “colored,” “Indian,” and “white.”¹⁶⁰⁷ Child labor appears to be most prevalent among African children. According to the 1999 government survey, a greater percentage of African children work (51.9 percent) than colored children (27 percent), Indian children (11.5 percent), or white children (11.4 percent).¹⁶⁰⁸ A greater proportion of African working children (62.9 percent) engage in agricultural work, as compared to colored working children (39.4 percent), Indian working children (3.1 percent), and white working children (28 percent).¹⁶⁰⁹ On the other hand, 52.5 percent of Indian and 50.1 percent of white working children work in trading activities.¹⁶¹⁰

According to the survey results, child labor appears to be somewhat more prevalent among female than male children. Among working children between the ages of 10 and 14 years, girls made up roughly 55 percent of the group as compared to some 45 percent for boys.¹⁶¹¹ A larger number of female children than male children were involved in service occupations.¹⁶¹²

There are reports that commercial sexual exploitation of children may be growing in South Africa. There are no accurate statistics for the number of children engaged in prostitution, but one NGO estimates that there are 10,000 children among the some 40,000 prostitutes working in the Johannesburg area alone.¹⁶¹³ In Johannesburg, children as young as 8 years old have been found in brothels, and a large number of boys, particularly those trying to survive on the streets, are also reportedly drawn into prostitution.¹⁶¹⁴ Child prostitutes are particularly sought after because they are believed to be disease-free or because of the belief that having sex with a virgin cures diseases such as HIV/AIDS. As South Africa becomes an increasingly popular tourist destination, cities like Cape Town and Durban are becoming destinations for tourists seeking sex with minors.¹⁶¹⁵ Children are also allegedly exploited sexually in return for the liquidation of family debts or to raise income for the family.¹⁶¹⁶

South Africa is thought to be one of the main trafficking centers in Africa, both as a receiver country and as a transit point. Young girls from neighboring countries such as Mozambique and Zambia have reportedly been found working in the sex industry in South Africa, sometimes lured with promises of employment but then sold into the sex industry.¹⁶¹⁷ It is also thought that children are trafficked to countries such as the U.S., Israel, and Russia through South Africa.¹⁶¹⁸ There are unconfirmed reports that South Africa may also be a source country for children trafficked to European countries.¹⁶¹⁹

There is a growing sense that the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa is leading to an increase in the incidence of child labor. As more and more individuals die from the disease, the number of child-headed households has increased. According to ILO-IPEC, these “HIV/AIDS orphans” are often forced into the worst forms of labor.¹⁶²⁰

Primary school attendance rates are unavailable for South Africa. While enrollment rates indicate a level of commitment to education, they do not always reflect a child’s participation in school.¹⁶²¹ School enrollment in South Africa has increased from 10 million in 1991 to over 12 million in 1998, an annual growth rate of 2.8 percent.¹⁶²² The net enrollment rate for primary schools in 1997 was 87.1 percent,¹⁶²³ suggesting that universal primary education for the official primary school age group has not yet been achieved.¹⁶²⁴ The net enrollment rate was slightly higher for male children (87.9 percent) than for female children (86.3 percent).¹⁶²⁵

There are numerous barriers to school attendance. From 1948 to 1994, a succession of apartheid-driven policies resulted in social inequalities along racial lines, and black South Africans in particular were deprived of opportunities to access basic social services, including education. Many schools continue to face significant problems that have a negative impact on the quality of education. There are high student to teacher ratios (36:1 in primary schools in 1996),¹⁶²⁶ a high percentage of unqualified or under-qualified teachers, and a poor physical environment at schools, including lack of sanitation facilities, electricity, and appropriate teaching materials. Parents must pay school fees, and though no student may legally be denied admission to a public school if they cannot or do not pay the school fee, there are additional costs such as transportation and school uniforms that nevertheless prevent many children from attending school.¹⁶²⁷

According to the 1999 survey, relatively few child workers between the ages of 5 and 17 stated that working kept them out of school (0.9 percent of female and 5.9 percent of male children).¹⁶²⁸ Most children between the ages of 5 and 17 were involved in economic activities for three or more hours per week for pay, profit or family economic gain combined work and schooling (90.8 percent).¹⁶²⁹ Most child workers (50.5 percent) worked after school, while 29.2 percent worked on weekends and holidays, and 3.8 percent worked during school hours.¹⁶³⁰

Among older children, 16 to 17 years old, there seems to be no significant difference in educational attainment between those who worked and those who did not work, but there are differences among younger children. Among children 13 years of age, for example, only 17 percent of those who worked had completed at least seven years of schooling compared to 40 percent of those who did not work.¹⁶³¹

The Constitution of South Africa includes broad protections for children while specific laws regulate the conditions under which children are allowed to work. Section 28 of the Constitution provides that every child, defined as a person under 18 years of age, has the right to be protected from exploitative labor practices and not to perform work or provide services that are inappropriate for that child’s age or risk the child’s well-being, education, physical or mental health, or spiritual, moral or social development.¹⁶³² The Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (BCEA)–the primary piece of legislation governing working conditions–also prohibits the employment of children in work that is “inappropriate” for their age or that places their well- being, education, physical or mental health, or spiritual, moral, or social development at risk.¹⁶³³

The minimum age for employment in South Africa is 15. Section 43 of the BCEA prohibits the employment of children who under 15 years of age or who are still subject to compulsory schooling.¹⁶³⁴ For children over the age of 15, the BCEA provides for the adoption of additional regulations prohibiting or placing conditions on their employment.¹⁶³⁵

Employment of children is defined as a criminal offense in the BCEA and carries a maximum penalty of three years in jail. In addition, it is a violation to assist an employer who violates the BCEA or to discriminate against a person who refuses to allow children to be employed.¹⁶³⁶ The South Africa Schools Act also provides for the prosecution of persons who prevent a child under 15 years of age from attending school in order to work, and labor inspectors can assist the Department of Education to enforce the requirements of this act.¹⁶³⁷

Regulations for children who are working informally, for example as self-employed workers or service workers, are not as extensive as those for children working as formal employees. The BCEA does not apply to this type of work unless the work constitutes forced labor. However, the Child Care Act and the South Africa Schools Act may each be used to enforce minimum age of employment laws among children who are engaged in these types of non-formal employment.¹⁶³⁸

Laws and regulations regarding the commercial sexual exploitation of children are currently being revised. The Sexual Offences Act No. 23 of 1957 makes prostitution an offence regardless of the age of the offender; children who are victims of commercial sexual exploitation can, therefore, be arrested for prostitution. However, according to an ILO study, the approach of the office of National Director of Public Prosecutions is to refer such matters to a children’s court to determine whether the child is in need of care, and the prosecution of persons exploiting children is pursued.¹⁶³⁹ In addition, the South African Law Commission project committee on sexual offences is currently drafting a new Sexual Offences Act, which reportedly recommends a complete prohibition on the commercial sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography, and trafficking in children.¹⁶⁴⁰

Neither child sex exploitation nor child pornography is covered by the BCEA unless the work constitutes forced labor. However, the government passed an amendment to the Child Care Act in 1999 that prohibits the commercial sexual exploitation of children in a similar but much more comprehensive manner than the Sexual Offences Act, 1957.¹⁶⁴¹ Under this amendment, any person who is involved, directly or indirectly, in the commercial sexual exploitation of children is guilty of an offence and is liable for a fine and/or a maximum prison sentence of 10 years. It also makes the owner, lessor, manager, tenant or occupier of property on which the commercial sexual exploitation of children may occur liable for failing to report such occurrences to the police. In addition, an amendment to the Films and Publication Act, which came into force on April 30, 2000, makes it illegal for a person to create, produce, import or possess a publication of children pornography or to create, distribute, produce or possess such a film.¹⁶⁴²

Law enforcement, however, is reportedly lax, and there are problems in the investigation, charging, and sentencing of offenders.¹⁶⁴³

The BCEA prohibits all forms of forced labor.¹⁶⁴⁴ Section 28 of the Bill of Rights of the Constitution (1996) also prohibits the use of children in armed conflicts or paramilitary groups.¹⁶⁴⁵

With the passage of the BCEA in 1997, the South African Department of Labor (SADOL) is now the primary government entity responsible for monitoring compliance with and enforcing South Africa’s labor laws, including provisions on child labor. There are approximately 600 labor inspectors throughout South Africa who focus on the BCEA,¹⁶⁴⁶ and they check for child labor incidence as part of their inspections.¹⁶⁴⁷ Social workers often accompany labor inspectors on their inspections, and labor inspectors are able to assist the Department of Welfare and the Department of Education enforce the provisions of the Child Care Act and South Africa Schools Act which have a direct bearing on child labor.¹⁶⁴⁸ However, officials from SADOL report that few child labor cases have actually been prosecuted,¹⁶⁴⁹ and they attempt to resolve problems by counseling employers, child workers, and parents.¹⁶⁵⁰

South Africa ratified ILO Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age for Employment on March 30, 2000, and ILO Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor on June 7, 2000.¹⁶⁵¹ South Africa has also ratified the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1990. In 2000, South Africa ratified the optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict.

Governmental bodies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in South Africa have taken steps to address child labor. Before and after promulgating the BCEA, the government coordinated ad hoc meetings with stakeholders actively involved on child labor issues. These meetings eventually led to the formation of a national stakeholders forum – the Child Labor Inter- sectoral Group (CLIG) – in 1997.¹⁶⁵² There are also 10 CLIGS located in the provinces. The CLIG focuses on raising awareness and coordinates and monitors services provided by the government and NGOs. The CLIG adopted the South African Child Labor Action Program, which was developed in February 1998 by a workshop of stakeholders, and presented it to the National Program of Action Steering Committee (NPA) for formal endorsement.¹⁶⁵³ SADOL, the Department of Welfare, and other stakeholders belonging to the CLIG have developed an enforcement policy to guide the implementation of the BCEA’s provisions on child labor and to train labor inspectors.¹⁶⁵⁴

Within the government, other ministries in addition to SADOL have taken an active role in child labor initiatives. The South African Department of Welfare, a member of the CLIG, administers a number of social safety net programs that help prevent children from entering the workforce. These include the Child Support Grant for families with children up to 7 years of age and the Flagship Programs for Women with Children (under 5 years of age) train women and build their capacity in business skills, nutrition, and childcare.¹⁶⁵⁵ In addition, the Department of Welfare administers a family allowance program that provides cash benefits to low income persons caring for children under the age of 18 and disability and death programs that also provide cash benefits. ¹⁶⁵⁶

In 1997, South Africa developed a National Plan of Action against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. This plan has reportedly enabled South Africa to use a systematic approach to addressing commercial sexual exploitation of children.¹⁶⁵⁷

In 1998, the Government of South Africa signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the ILO. With support from the ILO, SADOL and Statistics South Africa carried out the Survey of Activities of Young People in South Africa , a comprehensive survey on the nature and extent of child labor in South Africa.

The government has developed a close working relationship with several children’s rights NGOs. The Network Against Child Labor (NACL) – dedicated solely to combating child labor – is made up of about 50 member organizations and was established to feed into structures set up by the CLIG. The aim of the NACL is to end the economic exploitation of children through their labor by raising public awareness, advocacy, policy-making, research, networking, and legal and oral interventions.¹⁶⁵⁸

The South Africa National Council for Child and Family Welfare has been active in fighting the commercial sexual exploitation of children as part of a general child welfare movement. There are 167 child welfare societies around the country with approximately 80 more in development.¹⁶⁵⁹ The Council instituted a media campaign against child prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation and lobbied various government ministries to address the problem of commercial sexual exploitation of children. The Council has also conducted educational and awareness-raising programs at schools and has provided services directly to families.¹⁶⁶⁰ There are shelters that assist children in prostitution in their recovery and reintegration into society; the Salvation Army Social Services manages the Ethembeni Children’s Home, a residential program for child prostitutes that sends the children back to school or for skills training.¹⁶⁶¹

NGOs such as the South African National Council for Child and Family Welfare have begun working specifically with HIV/AIDS orphans. The government and individual businesses have also begun numerous HIV/AIDS education and prevention programs in an effort to halt and reverse the rate of infection among adults.

Since the transition to a democratically elected government in 1994, South Africa has engaged in fundamental education reforms designed to increase access to and the quality of education. The Constitution states that every person has a right to basic education and that the State must do all that is reasonable to ensure that everyone receives a basic education.

The South African Schools Act (1996) replaced the Education Acts of the apartheid government and paved the way for a single, non-racial school system. The Schools Act asserts that all individuals have a right to access basic and quality education and may not be discriminated against, and makes schooling compulsory for children between the ages of 7 and 15 years or a total of nine years. The act prohibits public schools from refusing admission to any student on the grounds that his/her parent is unable to pay or has not paid school fees. The National Education Policy Act (1996) also prohibits schools from denying admission or otherwise discriminating against a student for not paying school fees.¹⁶⁶²

The South African Qualifications Authority Act (1995) provides for the establishment of an integrated national framework for learning achievements in order to enhance access to, as well as mobility and progression within, the educational system. It further aims to enhance the quality of education and training and accelerate the redress of past discrimination in education, training, and employment opportunities.¹⁶⁶³ The Admission Policy for Ordinary Public Schools 1998 strives to improve the internal efficiency of the education system by curbing the high repetition rate of students. It places the onus on schools to place learners who are above the “normal” age for a grade in a “fast-track facility” to help bring them in line with their peers.¹⁶⁶⁴

The government is attempting to achieve racial equity and redress past discrimination in the country’s educational system through reforming expenditure patterns and reallocating funds to poorer provinces and to predominantly black schools rather than just expanding the budget.¹⁶⁶⁵ In 1998, the government announced new funding norms for schools to further these goals. The new procedures require education departments to direct 60 percent of their non-personnel and non-capital recurrent expenditures towards the most deprived 40 percent of schools in their provinces. The most endowed 20 percent of schools are to receive 5 percent of the resources, and all students are to receive a minimum package of teaching and learning materials. The National Curriculum 2005 Framework has helped bridge the gap in educational opportunities between privileged and under-privileged children by more equitably providing learning support materials to all schools and standardizing the content of training courses for teachers in all districts.¹⁶⁶⁶

In 1994, the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) set education goals and proceeded to fund several major education initiatives.¹⁶⁶⁷ As part of the RDP, the president established the National School Building Programme in 1994 in order to address the backlog of school facility construction needs. Between 1994 and 1996, 1.3 billion rand (US$140 million) was allocated to school building and rehabilitation, with a goal of building 10,000 new classrooms by 1999.¹⁶⁶⁸ The rate of implementation has varied from province to province. Most provinces have concentrated on providing a physical plant for every school.¹⁶⁶⁹

The Ministry of Education launched the Culture of Learning, Teaching and Service Campaign (COLTS) in 1998 in order to develop a culture of learning, teaching and service that improves the delivery and quality of education. Among the objectives of the COLTS Campaign is to encourage parental participation in institutions of learning and to create a safer learning environment. The COLTS Directorate of the Department of Education coordinates the Campaign, which is implemented through various projects such as the Yizo Yizo Media Campaign, Creative Arts Initiative, and the Parental Involvement Project.¹⁶⁷⁰

The National Early Childhood Development (ECD) Pilot Project was launched in 1997 to conduct research and develop systems and models to ensure children have improved access to quality education programs. The ECD Pilot Project has reached 2,800 nongovernmental early childhood learning sites serving approximately 70,000 of the most disadvantaged.¹⁶⁷¹

South Africa has adopted Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) that is learner-centered and oriented towards results and outcomes.¹⁶⁷² This new pedagogical approach has been developed into a curriculum framework for learning at school level, referred to as “Curriculum 2005.” The Department of Education launched the framework in April 1997, phased it into grade 1 in 1998 and into grade 2 in 1999. Curriculum 2005 was to be phased into grades 3-7 in 2000.¹⁶⁷³

The government hopes to reduce the percentage of government expenditure on education that goes to personnel costs to 85 percent by 2005, freeing up additional funds for equipment, school supplies, and other materials.¹⁶⁷⁴ A shortage of learning materials has been cited as one of the most common problems with the current educational system.¹⁶⁷⁵

From 1991 to 1996, the government increased its expenditures on education by 89 percent.¹⁶⁷⁶ After 1996, government expenditures on education continued to increase but at a much lower rate. In 1995-96, the total expenditure on education was 33,516,495 rand, or 21.7 percent of the total government budget and 6.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).¹⁶⁷⁷ The estimated total expenditure in 1999-2000 was 46,840,692 rand , or 21.3 percent of the total government budget and 6.6 percent of GDP.¹⁶⁷⁸

The following bar chart presents selected government expenditures expressed as a percentage of gross national product (GNP). The chart considers government expenditures on education, the military, health care, and debt service. Where figures are available, the portion of government spending on education that is specifically dedicated to primary education is also shown.¹⁶⁷⁹

While it is difficult to draw conclusions or discern clear correlations between areas of government expenditure as a percentage of GNP and the incidence of child labor in a country, this chart and the related tables presented in Appendix B (Tables 14 through 19) offer the reader a basis for considering the relative emphasis placed on each spending area by the governments in each of the 33 countries profiled in the report.

¹⁵⁹⁸ Statistics South Africa and South Africa Department of Labor, Child Labor in South Africa: Survey of Activities of Young People, 1999 (Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2000), 35.

¹⁵⁹⁹ Ibid. at 51.

¹⁶⁰⁰ Ibid. at 35.

¹⁶⁰¹ U.S. Embassy-Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 0655, June 21, 2000 [hereinafter unclassified telegram 000655].

¹⁶⁰² Ibid.

¹⁶⁰³ Interview with Zacharia Mohanoe, assistant general secretary, and Ignatius Simone, education coordinator, National Union of Farmworkers, July 27, 2000.

¹⁶⁰⁴ Unclassified telegram 000655.

¹⁶⁰⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶⁰⁶ One inspection led to the discovery of children working in three coal yards where they were packing sacks with coal, loading them on carts, and delivering the sacks. The children were being paid on commission. See Interview with Fatima Bhyat, director of minimum standards, South Africa Department of Labor, by U.S. Department of Labor official (July 26, 2000) [hereinafter Bhyat interview]. See also Charity Bhengu, “Poverty Condemns Kids to a Tough Life,” Sowetan, April 19, 2000.

¹⁶⁰⁷ “The terms ‘African’, ‘Coloured’, ‘Indian’, and ‘White’ are apartheid classifiers. Because these racial classifications correspond so strongly with economic and social status and poverty, they have been retained until such time as greater equity between race groups has been achieved.” From Convention on the Rights of the Child , Republic of South Africa, November 1997, 1 [hereinafter Convention on the Rights of the Child ].

¹⁶⁰⁸ Child Labor in South Africa at 37.

¹⁶⁰⁹ Ibid. at 51.

¹⁶¹⁰ Ibid.

¹⁶¹¹ Ibid. at 37.

¹⁶¹² Ibid. at 51.

¹⁶¹³ Unclassified telegram 000655.

¹⁶¹⁴ Charity Bhengu, “Children Forced into Prostitution,” Sowetan, March 17, 1998.

¹⁶¹⁵ ECPAT International, Looking Back, Thinking Forward: The Fourth Report on the Implementation of the Agenda for Action Adopted at the First World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, Stockholm, Sweden, August 28, 1966 (1999-2000), Section 3.4. [hereinafter Looking Back, Thinking Forward ].

¹⁶¹⁶ Ibid. See also South Africa National Council for Child and Family Welfare, Report on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in South Africa, June 9, 2000, 10.

¹⁶¹⁷ Looking Back, Thinking Forward .

¹⁶¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁶¹⁹ Ibid.

¹⁶²⁰ Interview with E. Kenneth Andoh, director, Pretoria Area Office, ILO-IPEC, by U.S. Department of Labor official, July 25, 2000.

¹⁶²¹ For a more detailed discussion on the relationship between education statistics and work, See Chapter 1, Introduction.

¹⁶²² South Africa Department of Education, Education for All: The South African Assessment Report (Pretoria: Department of Education, 2000), 29. [hereinafter The South African Assessment Report ].

¹⁶²³ Ibid. at 31.

¹⁶²⁴ Ibid. at 32.

¹⁶²⁵ Ibid. at 31.

¹⁶²⁶ World Education Report 2000: The Right to Education: Towards Education for All throughout Life (Geneva: UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 152.

¹⁶²⁷ Statistics South Africa, “Child Labor in South Africa: Tables. Surveys of Activities of Young People 1999” (draft), 2000 (www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/simpoc/southafrica/report/index.htm) [hereinafter “Child Labor in South Africa: Tables”].

¹⁶²⁸ Child Labor in South Africa at 64.

¹⁶²⁹ Ibid. at 61.

¹⁶³⁰ Ibid. at 62.

¹⁶³¹ Ibid. at 66.

¹⁶³² Convention on the Rights of the Child .

¹⁶³³ Basic Conditions of Employment Act (Act No. 75), 1997, Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa (Cape Town: Creda Communications for the Government Printer, December 1997), 38, 40 [hereinafter Employment Act].

¹⁶³⁴ Ibid.

¹⁶³⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶³⁶ Ibid.

¹⁶³⁷ “Child Labor in South Africa: Tables.”

¹⁶³⁸ Ibid.

¹⁶³⁹ Ibid.

¹⁶⁴⁰ Ibid.

¹⁶⁴¹ Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: South Africa’s Supplement to the Initial Country Report (Pretoria: Office of the President, 2000), 58-59 [hereinafter Implementation of the Convention ].

¹⁶⁴² “Child Labor in South Africa: Tables.” See also Implementation of the Convention at 59.

¹⁶⁴³ Looking Back, Thinking Forward .

¹⁶⁴⁴ Employment Act at 40.

¹⁶⁴⁵ As quoted in Convention on the Rights of the Child at 16.

¹⁶⁴⁶ Bhyat interview.

¹⁶⁴⁷ See , for instance, South Africa Department of Labor, “Integrated Labour Inspection Checklist,” received from Department of Labor officials, August 2000.

¹⁶⁴⁸ Dawie Bosch, Enforcing the Law on Child Labour in South Africa, quotes and summary of the material and information presented for the Department of Labor training workshop (May 24-26, 1999), 5-6, as reproduced in Network Against Child Labor, Documents to be Discussed at the Meeting of 17 January 2000 (Johannesburg: Department of Social Services and Population Development, 2000) [hereinafter Network Against Child Labor].

¹⁶⁴⁹ Bhyat interview.

¹⁶⁵⁰ Unclassified telegram 000655.

¹⁶⁵¹ For a list of which countries profiled in Chapter 3 have ratified ILO Conventions No. 138 and No. 182, see Appendix C.

¹⁶⁵² Implementation of the Convention at 56.

¹⁶⁵³ Network Against Child Labor at “Background.”

¹⁶⁵⁴ Ibid. at “Discussion Document in Relation to Child Labour in South Africa.”

¹⁶⁵⁵ Ibid., “Submission to the Departmental Committee on Developmental Social Services,” at 3.

¹⁶⁵⁶ U.S. Social Security Administration, Social Security Programs throughout the World, 1999 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999), 328-29.

¹⁶⁵⁷ Looking Back, Thinking Forward .

¹⁶⁵⁸ Network Against Child Labor at “Background.”

¹⁶⁵⁹ Interview with Suohilla Leslie, national program manager, South African National Council for Child Welfare, July 27, 2000.

¹⁶⁶⁰ Ibid.

¹⁶⁶¹ South Africa National Council for Child and Family Welfare, Report on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in South Africa, June 9, 2000, 4.

¹⁶⁶² Convention on the Rights of the Child at 84.

¹⁶⁶³ South African Assessment Report at 10.

¹⁶⁶⁴ Ibid.

¹⁶⁶⁵ Ibid. at 26-27.

¹⁶⁶⁶ Implementation of the Convention at 45.

¹⁶⁶⁷ “Education: Achieving Equality?” Indicator South Africa: A Barometer of Social Trends , June 17, 2000, 40 [hereinafter “Education: Achieving Equality?”].

¹⁶⁶⁸ South African Assessment Report at 19.

¹⁶⁶⁹ Ibid. at 20.

¹⁶⁷⁰ Ibid. at 18-19. See also Convention on the Rights of the Child at 87.

¹⁶⁷¹ South African Assessment Report at 20-21.

¹⁶⁷² Ibid. at 21.

¹⁶⁷³ Ibid.

¹⁶⁷⁴ Ibid. at 33.

¹⁶⁷⁵ “Education: Achieving Equality?” at 42.

¹⁶⁷⁶ South African Assessment Report at 26.

¹⁶⁷⁷ Ibid. at 32.

¹⁶⁷⁸ Ibid.

¹⁶⁷⁹ See Chapter 1, Section C, 5, for a fuller discussion of the information presented in the box. See also Appendix B for further discussion, and Tables 14 through 19 for figures on government expenditure over a range of years.